Bibliografía
Addison, Tony y Murshed, S. Mansoob, “Debt Relief and Civil War”, aceptado para publicación en Journal of Peace Research, vol. 40, no. 2 o 3, 2003.
Ahmed, Ismail y Green, Reginald Heribold, “Rehabilitation, Sustainable Peace and Development: Towards Reconceptualisation”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, 1999.
Azam, J. P., Bevan, D., Collier, P., Dercon, S., Gunning, J. y Pradhan, S., Some Economic Consequences of the Transition from Civil War to Peace, Washington D.C., Banco Mundial, 1994.
Ball, Nicole, “The Challenge of Rebuilding War Torn Societies”, en Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson y Pamela Aall (eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington, United State Institute of Peace, 2001.
Barnes, Samuel, “The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Post-conflict Societies”, en American Journal of International Law, vol. 95, no. 1, enero 2001.
Barnett, Michael, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2002.
Bächler, Günther, Conflict Transformation Through a State Reform, The Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, Berlin, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, octubre 2001.
Bendaña, Alejandro, “What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Critical Assessments from the South”, Discussion Paper, prepared on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Agenda For Peace for the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa (Canadá), octubre 2002.
Carbonnier, Gilles, Conflict, Postwar Rebuilding and the Economy: A Critical Review of the Literature, Ginebra, The War-Torn Societies Project, Occasional Paper, no. 2, 1998.
Cliffe, Lionel y Luckham, Robin, “Complex Political Emergencies and the State: Failure and the Fate of the State”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, 1999, págs. 27-50.
Colletta, Nat, Cullen, Michelle y Mendelson, Johanna, Conflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction: Perspectives and Prospects, París, Unidad de Postconflicto del Banco Mundial, 20-21 de abril, 1998.
Collier, Paul y Hoeffler, Anke, Greed and Grievance in Civil War, Development Research Group (DECRG), World Bank, 2000.
Collier, Paul, Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-conflict Countries, Development Research Group (DECRG), World Bank, CPR Dissemination Notes, no. 2, 2002.
Doyle, Michael W. y Sambanis, Nicholas, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis”, en American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no. 4, 2000, págs.779-801.
Forman, Shepard y Patrick, Stewart, Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery, London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Galtung, Johann, Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development and civilisation, Sage, London, 1996.
Goodhand, Jonathan y Lewer, Nick. “Sri Lanka: NGOs and Peace-Building in Complex Political Emergencies”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, febrero 1999, págs. 69-86.
Gurr, Ted Robert, Marshall, Monty G. y Khosla, Deepa, Peace and Conflict 2001: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self- determination Movements and Democracy, College Park, M.D., Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM), University of Maryland, 2000.
Harris, P. y Reilly, B. (eds.) Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators, Handbook Series 3. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), Stockholm, Sweden, 1998.
Haugerudbraaten, Henning, “Peacebuilding: Six Dimensions and Two Concepts”, en African Security Review, vol. 7, no. 6, 1998, págs. 17-26.
Herbold, Reginald y Ahmed, Ismail, “Rehabilitation, Sustainable Peace and Development: Towards Reconceptualisation”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, febrero 1999, págs. 189-206.
Hampson, Fen Osler, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail, United States Institute of Peace, 1996.
Hartzell, Caroline, “Explaining the Stability of Negotiated Settlements to Intrastate Wars”, en The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 43, no. 1, 1999, págs. 3-22.
Holiday, David y Stanley, William, “Building the Peace: Preliminary Lessons from El Salvador”, en Journal of International Affairs, vol. 46, no.2, invierno 1993, págs. 415-438.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Ottawa, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 2001.
International Peace Academy, Policies and Practices for Regulating Resource Flows to Armed Conflict, IPA Conference Report, Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italia, 21-23 mayo 2002.Jayme Montiel, Cristina, “Constructive and Destructive Post-conflict Forgiveness”, en Peace Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2000.
Jeong, Ho-Won (ed.), The New Agenda for Peace Research, Brookfield, Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999.
Jokic, Aleksandar y Fairweather, Abrol, “Secession, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation”, en Peace Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2000.
Kühne, W. (ed.), Winning the Peace: Concepts and Lessons learned of Post-conflict Peacebuilding, Report from an International Workshop, Berlin, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen, Alemania, 4-6 julio 1996.
Kuperman, Alan J., “Rwanda in Retrospect”, en Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, ene/feb, 2002.
Lederach, John Paul, “Civil Society and Reconciliation”, en Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson y Pamela Aall (eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington, United State Institute of Peace, 2001.
Licklider, Roy, “Obstacles to Peace Settlements”, en Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson y Pamela Aall (eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington, United State Institute of Peace, 2001.
Licklider, Roy, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993”, en American Political Science Review, vol. 89, no. 3, 1995.
Lund, Michael, “What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Taking Stock of Peacebuilding and Charting Next Steps”, Discussion Paper, prepared on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Agenda For Peace for the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa (Canadá), octubre 2002.
Malone, David y Berdal, Mats, Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, New York, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishing, Ottawa, IDRC, 2000.
Mason, T. David y Fett, Patrick J., “How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach”, en Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 40, no. 4, diciembre 1996, págs. 546-568.
Minow, Martha, “Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: South Africa”s Truth and Reconciliation Commission”, en Negotiation Journal, octubre 1998, págs. 319-355.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Report of the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, United Nations GA and SC, A/47/277, S/24111, 17 junio 1992. (www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html)
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 3 de enero de 1995. (www.un.org/Docs/ SG/agsupp.html)
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305 - S/2000/809, 2000.
Pankhurst, Donna, “Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, marzo 1999.
Paris, Roland, “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997, págs. 54-89.
Paris, Roland, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?”, en International Security, vol. 26, no. 2, otoño 2001, págs. 87-102.
Pearce, Jenny, “Peace-Building in the Periphery: Lessons from Central America”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, febrero 1999, págs. 51-69.
Sisk, Timothy, “Democratization and Peacebuilding”, en Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson y Pamela Aall (eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington, United State Institute of Peace, 2001.
Spears, Ian S., “Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Sharing power”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 1, 2000, págs. 105-118.
Stedman, Stephen John, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997, págs. 5-53.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) y UNESCO, Peace, security and conflict prevention - SIPRI - UNESCO Handbook, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
The World Bank Post Conflict Unit, The Transition from War to Peace: An Overview, Washington D.C., Banco Mundial, 1999.
The World Bank Post Conflict Unit, Post Conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank, Washington D.C., Banco Mundial, 1998.
Uvin, Peter, The Influence of Aid in Situations of Violent Conflict, París, Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD), 1999.
United Nations Human Rights Council, http://www.unitedhumanrights.org, consultado 6 de abril, 2003.
Villalobos, Joaquín, Sin vencedores ni vencidos, El Salvador, Instituto para un Nuevo El Salvador INELSA, 2000.
Von Tangen Page, Michael, “The Birth of a New Discipline? Peace and Conflict Research in the New Millenium”, en Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, no. 25, London, Centre for Defence Studies – King”s College, 2002, págs. 57-65.
Walter, Barbara, “Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization, and Commitment to Peace”, en International Security, vol. 24, no. 1, 1999, págs. 127-155.
Inicio de página
Notas
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations GA and SC, A/47/277, S/24111, 17 de Junio de 1992; disponible en: (www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html).
Ted Robert Gurr, Monty G. Marshall y Khosla, Deepa, Peace and Conflict 2001: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-determination Movements and Democracy, College Park, M.D., Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM), University of Maryland, 2000, pág. 22.
La lista de instituciones es extensa. La mayoría de las organizaciones donantes ahora cuentan con unidades dedicadas exclusivamente a la construcción de paz para el postconflicto (Paul Collier, Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-conflict Countries, Development Research Group (DECRG), World Bank, CPR Dissemination Notes, no.2, 2002, pág. 4). El grupo interdisciplinario de trabajo sobre postconflicto de la Universidad de los Andes ha elaborado una lista de sitios en internet de instituciones dedicadas al trabajo con temas de construcción de paz para el postconflicto.
ONU, 1992, op. cit.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 3 de enero de 1995; disponible en: (www.un.org/Docs/SG/agsupp.html).
Paul Collier, Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-Conflict Countries, Development Research Group (DECRG), World Bank, CPR Dissemination Notes, no. 2, abril 2002, pág. 4.
Véase por ejemplo, Michael Von Tangen Page, “The Birth of a New Discipline? Peace and Conflict Research in the New Millenium”, en Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, no. 25, Londres, Centre for Defence Studies- King’s College, 2002, págs. 57-65, y Ho-Won Jeong (ed.), The New Agenda for Peace Research, Brookfield, Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999.
Robert Miller, Canadian Peacebuilding Initiative (citado en Henning Haugerudbraaten, “Peacebuilding: Six Dimensions and Two Concepts”, en African Security Review, Vol 7, no. 6, 1998, págs. 17-26.) En parte como reflejo de la imprecisión conceptual, la Unidad para el Postconflicto del Banco Mundial cambió su nombre a Unidad para la Prevención y la Reconstrucción en noviembre de 2001, “de acuerdo con la ampliación de su enfoque, anunciado en el documento de Política Operacional 2.30, ‘Development Cooperation and Conflict’, de enero de 2001”. Comunicación electrónica de Massimo Fusato, de la Unidad para la Prevención y la Reconstrucción del Banco Mundial, 4 de septiembre, 2002. Véase también www.worldbank.org/conflict.
Michael Lund, “What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Taking Stock of Peacebuilding and Charting Next Steps”, Discussion Paper, prepared on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of Agenda For Peace for the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canadá, octubre 2002.
Mats Berdal y David M. Malone (eds.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agenda in Civil Wars, New York, International Peace Academy, 2000.
International Peace Academy, Policies and Practices for Regulating Resource Flows to Armed Conflict, IPA Conference Report, Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italia, 21- 23 mayo 2002.
Lund, 2002, op. cit., pág.16.
Alejandro Bendaña, “What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Critical Assessments from the South”, Discussion Paper, prepared on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of Agenda For Peace for the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canadá, octubre 2002.
Johann Galtung, Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilisation, Londres, Sage, 1996
Roland Paris, “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997, págs. 55-56.
Lund, 2002, op. cit., pág. 6.
Bendaña, 2002, op. cit.
Gilles Carbonnier, Conflict, Postwar Rebuilding and the Economy: A Critical Review of the Literature, Geneva, War Torn Societies Project (WSP) Occasional Paper, no.2, marzo 1998.
Galtung, 1996, op. cit., págs. 1-3.
Sobre este tema existe una copiosa literatura. Véase por ejemplo: Cristina Jayme Montiel, “Constructive and Destructive Post-conflict Forgiveness”, en Peace Review, vol.12, no.1, 2000; Aleksandar Jokic y Abrol Fairweather, “Secession, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation”, en Peace Review, vol. 12, no.1, 2000; John Paul Lederach, “Civil Society and Reconciliation”, en Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson y Pamela Aall (eds.), Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict, Washington, United State Institute of Peace, 2001; Martha Minow, “Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission”, en Negotiation Journal, octubre 1998; Donna Pankhurst, “Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no.1, marzo 1999; y Joaquín Villalobos, Sin vencedores ni vencidos, El Salvador, Instituto para un Nuevo El Salvador INELSA, 2000.
En este aspecto, una de las preguntas centrales es aquella referida al tipo de instituciones políticas más adecuadas para permitir la consolidación de la paz. Véase por ejemplo, Samuel Barnes, “The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Post-conflict Societies”, en American Journal of International Law, vol. 95, no. 1, enero 2001 y Caroline Hartzell, Matthew Hodie y Donald Rothchild, “Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of some Key Variables”, en International Organization, vol. 55, no.1, invierno 2001. Hartzell (1999, op. cit.), por ejemplo, sugiere que el proporcionalismo electoral y la autonomía territorial pueden ser las instituciones democráticas más indicadas para la institucionalización de la paz. Véase también P. Harris, y B. Reilly (eds.), Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators, Handbook Series 3, Estocolmo, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 1998.
Gurr, Marshall y Khosla, op. cit., 2000.
Michael W. Doyle y Nicholas Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis”, en American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no.4, diciembre 2000.
Paul Collier y Anke Hoeffler, Greed and Grievance in Civil War, Washington, The World Bank Development Research Group, 2000.
Nat Colletta, Michelle Cullen y Johanna Mendelson, Conflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction: Perspectives and Prospects, París, Unidad de Postconflicto del Banco Mundial, abril 20- 21, 1998, pág. 3.
Colletta, 1998, op. cit., pág. 3.
Doyle y Sambanis, 1999, op. cit.
Henning Haugerudbraaten, “Peacebuilding: Six Dimensions and Two Concepts”, en African Security Review, vol. 7, no. 6, 1998, págs. 17-26.
Tampoco una opción intermedia está exenta de riesgos. A fuerza de evitar antagonizar a una de las partes del conflicto, corre el riesgo de dejar a todos insatisfechos, sembrando así la inconformidad generalizada en vez de comprometer por lo menos a una de las partes con la paz. Agradezco este comentario a Carlo Nasi.F
en Osler Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail, Washington, United States Institute of Peace, 1996.
Ibid.
Jenny Pearce, “Peace-Building in the Periphery: Lessons from Central America”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no.1, febrero 1999.
ONU, 1995, op. cit..
Haugerudbraaten, 1998, op. cit., págs. 17-26
Roland Paris, “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) y UNESCO, Peace, Security and Conflict Prevention - SIPRI - UNESCO Handbook, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit.
Roy Licklider, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993”, en American Political Science Review, vol. 89, no. 3, septiembre 1995. Lund, 2002, op.cit.; Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit.
Hampson, 1996, op. cit.
W. Kühne (ed.), Winning the Peace: Concepts and Lessons Learned of Post-conflict Peacebuilding. Report from an International Workshop, Berlin, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 4-6 julio 1996.
World Bank Post Conflict Unit, 1999, op. cit. pág. 14
.Collier y Hoeffler, 1998, op. cit.; David Malone y Mats Berdal, Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, New York, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishing; Ottawa, IDRC, 2000.
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit.
Ibid..
International Peace Academy, 2002, op. cit.
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit., pág. 795
Ibid, pág. 780.
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit.; Mason y Fett, 1996, op. cit
Lionel Cliffe y Robin Luckham, “Complex Political Emergencies and the State: Failure and the Fate of the State”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, 1999.
Hartzell y Rothchild, 2001,op. cit., pág. 185.
Cliffe y Luckham, 1999, op. cit. y Pearce, 1999, op. cit.
Bächler, 2001, op. cit.; Licklider, 1995, op. cit., pág. 684.
Ibid,
Ibid véase también Roy Licklider, “Obstacles to Peace Settlements”, en Crocker, Hampson y Aall, 2001, op. cit.
The World Bank, Post Conflict Unit, 1998, op. cit. pág. 18.
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit., págs. 785, 789.
Hampson, 1996, op. cit.
David Holiday y William Stanley, “Building the Peace: Preliminary Lessons from El Salvador”, en Journal of International Affairs, vol. 46, no. 2, invierno 1993.
Stephen John Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997, pág. 5.
Hartzell, 1999, op. cit.; Hartzell, Hodie y Rothchild, 2001, op. cit.
Bächler, 2001, op. cit.
Hampson, 1996, op. cit.
Pearce, 1999, op. cit
The World Bank Post Conflict Unit, “Post Conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank”, Washington D.C., The World Bank, 1998, pág. 20.
Hampson, 1996, op. cit.
Barbara Walter, “Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratisation, and Commitment to Peace”, en International Security, vol. 24, no. 1, verano 1999 y Holiday y Stanley, 1993, op. cit. Para un resumen de los pasos que debe dar la comunidad internacional en la reconstrucción postconflicto véase Nicole Ball, “The Challenge of Rebuilding War Torn Societies”, en Crocker, Hampson y Aall, 2001, op. Cit
Doyle y Sambanis, 2000, op. cit., págs. 785, 786, 789.
Stephen John Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes”, en International Security, vol. 22, no. 2, otoño 1997.
Peter Uvin, The Influence of Aid in Situations of Violent Conflict, París, Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD), 1999.
Shepard Forman y Patrick Stewart, Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery, London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Collier, 2002, op. cit.
Green y Ahmed, 1999, op. cit., pág. 191.
Collier, 2002, op. cit., pág. 4.
Lund, 2002, op. cit.pag.10,
Pearce, 1999, op. cit.
Goodhand y Lewer, 1999, op. cit.
Datos de United Nations Human Rights Council (http://www.unitedhumanrights.org), consultado 6 de abril, 2003. Para una crítica del papel de las Naciones Unidas en el caso de Rwanda ver también Alan J. Kuperman, “Rwanda in Retrospect”, en Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, ene/feb, 2000 y Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2002
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 2001.
Ibid, pág. viii
Organización de las Naciones Unidas, “Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations”, A/55/305 - S/2000/809, 2000.
Las recomendaciones dan pie a nuevas controversias, como lo ilustra el debate en torno a la intervención preventiva de los Estados Unidos en Iraq iniciada en marzo del 2003. Adelantada en nombre de la liberación del pueblo iraquí de un régimen opresor, la intervención responde también a motivos como el control de las existencias petroleras de la zona, apuntando así al aspecto económico de una intervención que no es sólo humanitaria..
Según la Unidad de Postconflicto del Banco Mundial, “abordar los desequilibrios macroeconómicos a veces contradice las prioridades de la reconstrucción y la construcción de paz”. Post Conflict Unit, The Transition from War to Peace: An Overview, Washington D. C., Banco Mundial, 1999, pág. 66.
Paris, 1997, op. Cit
Coletta et al., 1998, op. cit.
Ibid.
Tony Addison y Mansoob Murshed, “Debt Relief and Civil War”, aceptado para publicación en el Journal of Peace Research, vol. 40, no. 2 o 3, marzo o mayo 2003.
J. Azam et al., Some Economic Consequences of the Transition from Civil War to Peace, Washington D. C., Banco Mundial, 1994.
The World Bank Post Conflict Unit, 1999, op. cit., pág. 210.
Lund, 2002, op. cit., pág. 12.
Inicio de página