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Hackett, Claire, and Bill Rolston. ‘The Burden of Memory: Victims, Storytelling and Resistance in Northern Ireland’. Memory Studies 2, no. 3 (September 2009): 355–376.
Hall, Michael, ed. Grassroots Leadership (1), Recollections by May Blood and Joe Camplisson. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 70 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005).
Hall, Michael, ed. Grassroots Leadership (2), Recollections by Fr. Des Wilson and Tommy Gorman. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 71 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005).
Hall, Michael, ed. Grassroots Leadership (3), Recollections by Jim McCorry and Jackie Hewitt. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 72 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005).
Hall, Michael. Grassroots Leadership (4), Recollections by Jackie Redpath and Eilish Reilly. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 75 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005).
Hall, Michael, ed. Grassroots Leadership (6), Recollections by June Campion and Billy Hutchinson. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 77 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005).
Hall, Michael, ed. Grassroots Leadership (7), Recollections by Michael Hall. Farset Community Think Tanks Project. 78 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2006).
Hamber, Brandon, and Gráinne Kelly. ‘Practice, Power and Inertia: Personal Narrative, Archives and Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland’. Journal of Human Rights Practice 8, no. 1 (February 2016): 25–44.
Harvey, Colin, and Alex Schwartz. ‘Designing a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland’. Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2009): 181–199.
Illingworth, Ruth. Sheelagh Murnaghan, 1924-1993: Stormont’s Only Liberal MP (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2019).
Jenson, Jane. ‘Fated to Live in Interesting Times: Canada’s Changing Citizenship Regimes’. Canadian Journal of Political Science 30, no. 4 (December 1997): 627–644.
Jenson, Jane, and Martin Papillon. The Changing Boundaries of Citizenship: A Review and a Research Agenda (Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2001).
Juteau, Daniel. ‘The Citizen Makes an Entrée: Redefining the National Community in Quebec’. Citizenship Studies 6 (2002): 441–458.
Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984).
Lambkin, Brian. ‘The Historiography of the Conflict in Northern Ireland and the Reception of Andrew Boyd’s Holy War in Belfast (1969)’. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 114C (2014): 327–358.
Lynn, Brendan. Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945 - 72 (Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 1997).
McCann, Fiona, and Fabrice Mourlon. Le Conflit Nord-Irlandais. Vers Une Paix Inachevée ? (1969-2007) Clefs Concours Anglais - Civilisation (Paris: Atlande, 2024).
McCluskey, Conn. Up off Their Knees: A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland (Belfast, Northern Ireland: Conn McCluskey and Associates, 1989).
McCrudden, Christopher. ‘Mainstreaming Equality in Northern Ireland 1998-2004: A Review of the Issues Concerning the Operation of the Equality Duty in Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998’. Section 75 Review (Belfast: Review of the operation of section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998, 2004).
McEvoy, Kieran, Anna Bryson, Louise Mallinder, Daniel Holder, Gemma McKeown, and Brian Gormally. ‘Model Bill Team Initial Response to Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Bill’ (Belfast: Model Bill Team (Queen’s University and the CAJ), 2022).
McEvoy, Leslie, Kieran McEvoy, and Kirsten McConnachie. ‘Reconciliation as a Dirty Word: Conflict, Community Relations and Education in Northern Ireland’. Journal of International Affairs 60, no. 1 (2006): 81–106.
McGarry, John, and Brendan O’Leary. Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images (Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995).
McGrattan, Cillian. Northern Ireland 1968-2008: The Politics of Entrenchment (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
McVeigh, Robbie. ‘Between Reconciliation and Pacification: The British State and Community Relations in the North of Ireland’. Community Development Journal 37, no. 1 (2002): 47–59.
McVeigh, Robbie. Good Relations in Northern Ireland: Towards a Definition in Law (Belfast: Equality Commission, 2014).
Mitchell, Audra. Lost in Transformation Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
Mitchell, Audra. ‘Putting the Peaces Back Together: The “Long” Liberalising Peace in Northern Ireland, from O’Neill to PEACE’. Irish Political Studies 25, no. 3 (2010): 371–391.
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Prince, Simon, and Geoffrey Warner. Belfast and Derry in Revolt: A New History of the Start of the Troubles. New revised edition. (Newbridge: Irish academic press, 2019).
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Rynder, Constance. ‘Sheelagh Murnaghan and the Ulster Liberal Party’. Journal of Liberal History, no. 71 (2011): 14–20.
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Stone, Deborah A. ‘Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas’. Political Science Quarterly 104, no. 2 (Summer 1989): 281–300.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. ‘Why Ulster Fights?’ Réalités, December 1969, 48–53.
UK Government. ‘Northern Ireland Act 1998’. legislation.gov.uk, 1998. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/47/section/75.
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Wing, Leah. ‘Dealing with the Past: Shared and Contested Narratives in “Post‐conflict” Northern Ireland’. Museum International 62, no. 1–2 (May 2010): 31–36.
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Notes
Fiona McCann and Fabrice Mourlon, Le Conflit Nord-Irlandais. Vers Une Paix Inachevée ? (1969-2007), Clefs Concours Anglais - Civilisation (Paris: Atlande, 2024).
During the Troubles, narratives of events could be disputed locally, or on a wider scale. Discussions also took place among historians, and within the judiciary when unsolved cases were taken to the courts. Such contests also continued after the Troubles, as 'dealing with the past' remained a topical issue in the post-conflict years, even to this day, with the much-contested Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act introduced in 2023 by the British executive and legislative. On the discussions that took place in the post-conflict era, see for example: Claire Hackett and Bill Rolston, ‘The Burden of Memory: Victims, Storytelling and Resistance in Northern Ireland’, Memory Studies 2, no. 3 (September 2009): 355–376; Leah Wing, ‘Dealing with the Past: Shared and Contested Narratives in “Post‐conflict” Northern Ireland’, Museum International 62, no. 1–2 (May 2010): 31–36; Brandon Hamber and Gráinne Kelly, ‘Practice, Power and Inertia: Personal Narrative, Archives and Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland’, Journal of Human Rights Practice 8, no. 1 (February 2016): 25–44; Anna Bryson, ‘Victims, Violence, and Voice: Transitional Justice, Oral History, and Dealing with the Past’, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 39, no. 2 (2016): 299–354; Anna Bryson et al., ‘Addressing the Legacy of Northern Ireland’s Past: The Model Bill Team’s Response to the NIO Proposals’ (Belfast: QUB Human Rights Centre, 2021); Kieran McEvoy et al., ‘Model Bill Team Initial Response to Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Bill’ (Belfast: Model Bill Team (Queen’s University and the CAJ), 2022); UK Government, ‘Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023’ (2023).
John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images (Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995).
McGarry and O’Leary, 1.
My work can be found in the following book: Joana Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2024, forthcoming).
John Whyte, Interpreting Northern Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 258.
McGarry and O’Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland, 5–6.
See for example: Robbie McVeigh, ‘Between Reconciliation and Pacification: The British State and Community Relations in the North of Ireland’, Community Development Journal 37, no. 1 (2002): 47–59; Leslie McEvoy, Kieran McEvoy, and Kirsten McConnachie, ‘Reconciliation as a Dirty Word: Conflict, Community Relations and Education in Northern Ireland’, Journal of International Affairs 60, no. 1 (2006): 81–106; Cillian McGrattan, Northern Ireland 1968-2008: The Politics of Entrenchment (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Robbie McVeigh, Good Relations in Northern Ireland: Towards a Definition in Law (Belfast: Equality Commission, 2014).
Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History.
The 1969 Cameron report in Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland (Belfast: HMSO, 1969), para. 5. Some interesting secondary sources are: Bob Purdie, Politics in the Streets: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1990); Paul Brennan, The Conflict in Northern Ireland (Paris: Longman France, 1991); Paul Brennan and Richard Deutsch, L’Irlande Du Nord : Chronologie, 1968-1991 (Paris: PSN, 1993); Steve Bruce, The Edge of the Union (Oxford: OUP, 1994); Niall Ó Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the Birth of Irish Troubles, Updated and revised (UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Simon Prince, Northern Ireland’s ’68: Civil Rights, Global Revolt and the Origins of the Troubles, Revised edition (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2018); Simon Prince and Geoffrey Warner, Belfast and Derry in Revolt: A New History of the Start of the Troubles, New revised edition (Newbridge: Irish academic press, 2019); Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland; NI government, Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report Incorporating an Account of Progress and a Programme of Action (Belfast: HMSO, 1969), https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/hmso/nigov0969.htm; NICRC Research Unit, Flight, A Report on Population Movement in Belfast during August 1971 (Belfast: NICRC, 1971); Conn McCluskey, Up off Their Knees: A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland (Belfast, Northern Ireland: Conn McCluskey and Associates, 1989).
John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984); Ian Greener, ‘The Potential of Path Dependence in Political Studies’, Politics 25, no. 1 (2005): 62–72; Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
Deborah A. Stone, ‘Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas’, Political Science Quarterly 104, no. 2 (Summer 1989): 281.
Stone, 282.
Stone, 282.
Academics also proposed various interpretations. See for instance: Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘Why Ulster Fights?’, Réalités, December 1969, 48–53; Liam De Paor, Divided Ulster, A Penguin Special (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970); Andrew Boyd, Holy War in Belfast (Tralee: Anvil Books, 1970). See also: Brian Lambkin, ‘The Historiography of the Conflict in Northern Ireland and the Reception of Andrew Boyd’s Holy War in Belfast (1969)’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 114C (2014): 327–358.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland, 236.
McCluskey, Up off Their Knees; Purdie, Politics in the Streets: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland; Ó Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites; Prince, Northern Ireland’s ’68, 2018.
C.J. Woods, ‘Biography of Sheelagh Marie Murnaghan’, Dictionary of Irish Biography (www.dib.ie: Royal Irish Academy, 2009), https://www.dib.ie; Constance Rynder, ‘Sheelagh Murnaghan and the Ulster Liberal Party’, Journal of Liberal History, no. 71 (2011): 14–20; Ruth Illingworth, Sheelagh Murnaghan, 1924-1993: Stormont’s Only Liberal MP (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2019).
C.J. Bateman, Joint Working Party on Community Relations, Final Report Cabinet Meeting 2 October 1969 (Belfast: Offices of the Cabinet Stormont, 1969).
NI government, Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report Incorporating an Account of Progress and a Programme of Action, para. 65.
NI government, Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report Incorporating an Account of Progress and a Programme of Action.
Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History.
Marc Mulholland, Northern Ireland at the Crossroads: Ulster Unionism in the O’Neill Years, 1960-69 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000); Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: The Persistence of Conflict (Dublin: Penguin Books, 2006); Lorenzo Bosi, ‘Explaining the Emergence Process of the Civil Rights Protest in Northern Ireland (1945-1968): Insights from a Relational Social Movement Approach’, Journal of Historical Sociology 21, no. 2–3 (2008): 242–271; Audra Mitchell, Lost in Transformation Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
Paul Dixon, Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace, 2nd ed (Basingstoke [England] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 63.
Dixon, 66–68.
Brennan, The Conflict in Northern Ireland, 42.
Terence O’Neill, ‘On Community Relations in Northern Ireland’, The Times, April 1967.
O’Neill.
O’Neill.
Audra Mitchell, ‘Putting the Peaces Back Together: The “Long” Liberalising Peace in Northern Ireland, from O’Neill to PEACE’, Irish Political Studies 25, no. 3 (2010): 379.
By referring to the community, O'Neill places responsibility in the sphere of fate, as opposed to the field of public action. For an explanation of the distinction between both, see Stone, ‘Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas’, 283.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland, para. 30.
Purdie, Politics in the Streets: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland.
Historians and social scientists have written extensively on these movements, and have shown for example that local realities as well as international struggles in Europe and in the US played influential roles. See: Paul Arthur, The People’s Democracy 1968-73 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1974); Purdie, Politics in the Streets: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland; Simon Prince, Northern Ireland’s ’68: Civil Rights, Global Revolt and the Origins of the Troubles, [2007] (Newbridge: Irish Academic Press, 2018).
The Ulster Liberal Party was an emanation of the British Liberal Party. They drew members from Catholic and Protestant communities and adopted liberal views on social, economic and political reforms. See: Colin Harvey and Alex Schwartz, ‘Designing a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland’, Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2009): 181–199; Rynder, ‘Sheelagh Murnaghan and the Ulster Liberal Party’; Illingworth, Sheelagh Murnaghan, 1924-1993.
NIHC Deb 8 Feb 1966, Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 62 (Belfast: Hansard, 1966), col. 685.
NIHC Deb 8 Feb 1966, Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 62, col. 712.
Rynder, ‘Sheelagh Murnaghan and the Ulster Liberal Party’; Illingworth, Sheelagh Murnaghan, 1924-1993.
NIHC Deb 7 Feb 1967 Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 65 (Belfast: Hansard, 1967), col. 925.
NIHC Deb 7 Feb 1967 Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 65, cols 952–53.
NIHC Deb 7 Feb 1967 Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 65, col. 948.
NIHC Deb 8 Feb 1966, Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 62, col. 739.
MP Murnaghan: "Full citizenship requires that equal rights and opportunities should not only be not denied by the law but that the law should be able to protect those rights". NIHC Deb 8 Feb 1966, Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 62, col. 686.
Stone described this perception as an "unintentional" consequence. Stone, ‘Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas’, 291–292.
Stone, 281.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland.
Prince and Warner, Belfast and Derry in Revolt.
The Special Powers Act (SPA) was voted by the Northern Ireland Parliament in 1922. It granted extraordinary powers to the Northern Ireland Minister for Home Affairs to maintain peace and order. Although introduced as a short-term response to the civil war, it was then perpetuated. See: Laura K. Donohue, ‘Regulating Northern Ireland: The Special Powers Acts, 1922-1972’, The Historical Journal 41, no. 4 (1998): 1089–1120.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland, para. 17.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland.
‘Cabinet Meeting 30 January 1969’ (Offices of the Cabinet Stormont, Belfast, 1969), sec. Interim Report on Citizens’ Grievances, PRONI CAB/4/1428.
‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’ (Offices of the Cabinet Stormont, Belfast, 1969), sec. Final Report, PRONI CAB/4/1478/11.
"We consider that there may be advantages in presenting legislation on incitement to religious hatred at the earliest possible date, and separately from legislation on community relations in general or from any legislation in the wider area of public order and security which may eventually be undertaken. We also consider that the proposed Bill should amend the criminal law and should therefore be the responsibility of the Minister of Home Affairs rather than of the Minister of Community Relations." ‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’, sec. Final Report.
"[…] it ought to encourage the growth of local voluntary organisations – only in this way can it get down to the 'grass roots' and involve local religious and political leaders." ‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’, sec. Final Report.
‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’, sec. Final Report.
In January 1969, members of People’s Democracy (PD) organised a march from Belfast to Londonderry as part of their campaign to demand civil rights. However, groups of loyalist protesters assembled on the course of the march, and an ambush took place on Burntollet Bridge near Londonderry. This violent episode – known as the Burntollet Ambush – marked a turning-point in the history of the Troubles. See for example: Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968-1993 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1993).
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland, para. 56; UK government and NI government, ‘Declaration’, August 1969.
James Callaghan, A House Divided (London: Collins, 1973), 66.
Steve Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
Dixon, Northern Ireland, 100.
Cameron (Lord), Disturbances in Northern Ireland. Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland; Leslie Scarman, The Scarman Report. Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry (Belfast: HMSO, 1972); Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, Updated (Belfast: The Blackstaff Press, 2005); Prince and Warner, Belfast and Derry in Revolt.
Michael Hall, ed., Grassroots Leadership (1), Recollections by May Blood and Joe Camplisson, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 70 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005); Michael Hall, ed., Grassroots Leadership (2), Recollections by Fr. Des Wilson and Tommy Gorman, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 71 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005); Michael Hall, ed., Grassroots Leadership (3), Recollections by Jim McCorry and Jackie Hewitt, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 72 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005); Michael Hall, Grassroots Leadership (4), Recollections by Jackie Redpath and Eilish Reilly, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 75 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005); Michael Hall, ed., Grassroots Leadership (6), Recollections by June Campion and Billy Hutchinson, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 77 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2005); Michael Hall, ed., Grassroots Leadership (7), Recollections by Michael Hall, Farset Community Think Tanks Project, 78 (Newtownabbey: Island Publications, 2006); Joana Etchart, ‘“It’s a Very Emotional Kind of Thought”. An Appraisal of Five Community Workers’ Accounts of Their Involvement during the Troubles in Northern Ireland’, Close Encounters in War Journal, no. 4 (2021): 148–168.
Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History.
Beetham and Lord identified three dimensions: legality (whether policy-making is based on established legal rules), normative justifiability (whether the rules of governance are deemed acceptable) and legitimation. David Beetham and Christopher Lord, ‘Introduction: Legitimacy and the European Union’, in Political Theory and the European Union: Legitimacy, Constitutional Choice and Citizenship (London: Routledge, 1998), 15.
Beetham and Lord, 15.
Beetham and Lord, 15.
On such analyses of personal accounts and oral testimonies, see also: Graham Dawson, Making Peace with the Past? Memories, Trauma and the Irish Troubles (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2010); Joana Etchart, ‘“You Just Went out and Talked to Them.” An Interview with Maurice Hayes (1927-2017) on the Work of the Northern Ireland Community Relations Commission (1969-1975)’, Etudes Irlandaises, Irish Studies 46, no. 1 (2021): 55–71.
Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History.
See testimonies in Dawson, Making Peace with the Past?
Brendan Lynn, Holding the Ground: The Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 1945 - 72 (Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 1997).
‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’, 14.
‘Cabinet Meeting 30 September 1969’, 14.
NIHC Deb 30 Sept 1969, Cameron Commission of Inquiry, vol. 74 (Belfast: Hansard, 1969), col. 11.
NIHC Deb 30 Sept 1969, Cameron Commission of Inquiry, vol. 74, col. 7.
On the issue of citizens' complaints of maladministration, a governmental structure was set up under the Parliamentary Commissioner Act (Northern Ireland) 1969, and then an independent Commissioner as part of the Commissioner for Complaints Act (Northern Ireland) 1969. Besides, two key community relations bodies were created, the Ministry and the Northern Ireland Community Relations Commission (NICRC), both of which implemented community relations policy in various ways until their demise in 1975.
NI government, Commentary by the Government of Northern Ireland to Accompany the Cameron Report Incorporating an Account of Progress and a Programme of Action, para. 65.
For a comprehensive account of the history of the policy, see: Etchart, Community Relations and the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-90. A Policy History.
Government of Ireland and UK government, ‘The Joint Declaration of 15 December 1993 (Downing St. Declaration)’, 1993, Irish Department of Foreign Affairs Website (https://www.dfa.ie).
McVeigh, ‘Between Reconciliation and Pacification: The British State and Community Relations in the North of Ireland’; McEvoy, McEvoy, and McConnachie, ‘Reconciliation as a Dirty Word: Conflict, Community Relations and Education in Northern Ireland’; McVeigh, Good Relations in Northern Ireland: Towards a Definition in Law. See also: Christopher McCrudden, ‘Mainstreaming Equality in Northern Ireland 1998-2004: A Review of the Issues Concerning the Operation of the Equality Duty in Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998’, Section 75 Review (Belfast: Review of the operation of section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998, 2004).
UK Government, ‘Northern Ireland Act 1998’, legislation.gov.uk, 1998, sec. 75, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/47/section/75. Accessed 22 April 2024.
Jenson and Papillon referred notably to "the conditions of inclusion – and exclusion – in the community". Jane Jenson and Martin Papillon, The Changing Boundaries of Citizenship: A Review and a Research Agenda (Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2001), 3.
Following the 1995 Québec referendum, in which the possibility to become a sovereign nation was narrowly turned down, the federal state entered an era of constitutional uncertainty. See Daniel Juteau, ‘The Citizen Makes an Entrée: Redefining the National Community in Quebec’, Citizenship Studies 6 (2002): 441–458.
Jane Jenson, ‘Fated to Live in Interesting Times: Canada’s Changing Citizenship Regimes’, Canadian Journal of Political Science 30, no. 4 (December 1997): 628.
Jenson, 628.
Jenson, 628.
"Full citizenship requires that equal rights and opportunities should not only be not denied by the law but that the law should be able to protect those rights" in NIHC Deb 8 Feb 1966, Second Reading of Human Rights Bill, vol. 62, col. 686.
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