Bibliography
Primary Sources
Manuscripts
Cowley Papers, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, London.
Foreign Office Papers, TNA: FO 519/182; FO 78/2010.
Queen Victoria’s Royal Archives, Windsor: RA VIC/MAIN/1 series; VIC/MAIN/H/1 series; VIC/MAIN/H/41 series; RA VIC/MAIN/A/36 series; RA VIC/MAIN/B23 series.
Printed and edited primary sources (varied)
Hansard.
Buckle, George Earle (ed.), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1862 and 1878. Second series, Volume 1 (London, John Murray, 1926)
Hawkins, Angus and John Powell (eds.), The Journal of John Wodehouse First Earl of Kimberley, 1862-1902 (London: RHS, 1997).
The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his Tour through Europe in A.D. 1873, Translated by James Redhouse (London: John Murray, 1874).
The Illustrated London News.
The London Gazette.
Salahaddin Bey, La Turquie à l'exposition universelle de 1867 (Paris, Hachette, 1867).
Tooley, Sarah A. Southall, The Personal Life of Queen Victoria (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1897).
Wilson, Robert, The Life and Times of Queen Victoria, Volume 3 (London, Cassell & Co., 1887).
Secondary Sources
Ali Kemali Ağsüt, Sultan Ezizin Mısır ve Avrupa Seyahati [Sultan Aziz’s Journey to Egypt and Europe] (Istanbul, 1944).
Arı, Bülent, “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period”, in A.N. Yurdusev (ed.), Ottoman Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2003), pp. 36-65.
Biedermann, Zoltán, Anne Gerritsen, Giorgio Riello (eds.), Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
Breen, John, “Ornamental Diplomacy: Emperor Meiji and the Monarchs of the Modern World”, in Robert Hellyer and Harald Fuess (eds.), The Meiji Restoration: Japan as a Global Nation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), pp. 232-241.
Craig, David M., “The Crowned Republic? Monarchy and Anti-Monarchy in Britain, 1760-1901”, The Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (2003), pp. 167-185.
Deringil, Selim, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 1998).
Deutschmann, Moritz, “All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century”, Iranian Studies 46, no. 3 (2013), pp. 383-413.
Dorré, Gina M., Victorian Fiction and the Cult of the Horse (Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2006).
Eldem, Edhem, Pride and Privilege. A History of Ottoman Orders, Medals and Decorations (Istanbul, Osmanlı Bankası, 2004).
Eldem, Edhem, “The Changing Design and Rhetoric of Ottoman Decorations, 1850-1920”, The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 28 (2016), pp. 24-43.
Gossman, Norbert J., “Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century England”, International Review of Social History 7, no. 1 (1962), pp. 47-60.
Gülsaran, Arif Uğur, “The Role of David Urquhart within the Framework of the Ottoman-British Relations during 19th Century”, Phd, Yeditepe University, 2020.
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton & Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2010).
Heal, Felicity, The Power of Gifts: Gift Exchange in Early Modern England (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014).
Holbraad, Carsten, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971).
Holland, Robert and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850-1960 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008).
Karaer, Nihat, Paris, Londra, Viyana: Abdülaziz'in Avrupa seyahati [Paris, London, Vienna: Sultan Abdul Aziz’s Trip to Europe] (Ankara: Phoenix, 2003).
Kocunyan, Aylin “Les voyages du sultan Abdülaziz et leurs répercussions intérieures", in Sylvain Destephen, Josiane Barbier and François Chausson (eds.), Le gouvernement en déplacement: pouvoir et mobilité de l'Antiquité à nos jours (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2019), pp. 569-591.
Köksal, Osman, ‘Sultan Aziz’in Avrupa Seyahati Dönüşü Münasebetiyle Yapilan Kutlamalar Ve Bir Manzum Tarihçe’ [Celebrations upon Sultan Abdul Aziz’s Retrun from Europe], Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi 4, n°1 (2003). Online at https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/112955.
Kouvaros, Michael, ‘The Cretan Conflict 1866-1869: Competing and Complementary Ideologies through the Prism of the Greek and Ottoman Press’, PhD, Basel University, 2021. https://edoc.unibas.ch/87239/1/e-diss%20Michail%20Kouvaros.pdf.
Kuneralp, Sinan and Aylin Koçunyan (eds.), Parisʼte Bir Padişah, İstanbulʼda Bir İmparatoriçe 1867-1869, Exhibition Catalogue [A Sultan in Paris, An Empress in Istanbul, 1867] (Istanbul, 2020).
Kutay, Cemal, Sultan Abdulaziz'in Avrupa seyahati [Sultan Abdul Aziz’s Trip to Europe] (Istanbul, Bogazici Yayinlari, 1991).
Lamont-Brown, Raymond, John Brown: Queen Victoria's Highland Servant (Stroud, The History Press, 2000).
Müşü, Musa and Eren Korkmaz, “İsmail Paşa, Saray ve Babıali: Mısır İşgalinin Siyasi, İktisadî, Sosyal ve İdarî Zemininin İnşası 1863-1879” [Ismail Pasha, the Palace and the Sublime Porte”], International Journal of History 10 (December 2018), footnote 98, pp. 145-166.
Nolan, Erin Hyde, “The Gift of the Abdulhamid II Albums: The Consequences of Photographic Circulation”, Trans Asia Photography 9, no 2 (April 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/215820251_9-2-207.
Ocak, Derya, “Gift and Purpose: Diplomatic Gift Exchange between the Ottomans and Transylvania during the Reign of István Báthory (1571-1576)”, MA Thesis, Budapest University, 2016.
Onaran, Burak, Détrôner le sultan: Deux conjurations à l'époque des réformes ottomanes, Kuleli (1859) et Mesek (1867) (Leuven, Peeters, 2013).
Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar, “The Sultan, the Shah and the King in Europe: The Practice of Ottoman, Persian and Siamese Royal Travel and Travel Writing”, Journal of Asian History 50, no. 2 (2016), pp. 201-234.
Papp, Sándor, “Corruption, Bribes, or Just Presents? The Practice of Offering Gifts in Ottoman-Hungarian and Ottoman-Romanian Relations”, in Tatjana Paić-Vukić et al. (eds.), Turkologu u čast! Zbornik radova povodom 70. rođendana Ekrema Čauševića [In Honor of the Turkologist!: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Ekrem Čaušević] (Zagreb, Open Books 2022). DOI: https://openbooks.ffzg.unizg.hr/index.php/FFpress/catalog/view/139/231/10344.
Riello, Giorgio, “La culture matérielle de la diplomatie: les cadeaux diplomatiques des ambassades françaises au Siam à la fin du XVIIe siècle”, in Ariane Fennetaux, Anne-Marie Miller-Blaise And Nancy Oddo (eds.), Objets nomades: circulations matérielles, appropriations et formation des identités à l'ère de la première mondialisation, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles (Turnhout: Brepols, 2021), pp. 26-42.
Şiviloğlu, Murat R., The Emergence of Public Opinion: State and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
Stanley, Tim, “Ottoman Gift Exchange: Royal Give and Take”, in Komaroff, Linda (ed.), The Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving at the Islamic Courts (Yale, Yale University Press, 2011), pp. 149-169.
Stephanov, Darin N., Ruler Visibility and Popular Belonging in the Ottoman Empire, 1808-1908 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
Subaşi, Turgut, “Stratford Canning’in Raporlarina Göre Sultan Abdülmecid Ve Ona İngiltere Tarafindan Verilen Dizbaği Nişani” [Stratford Canning, Sultan Abdülmecid and the British Order of The Garter], Belleten 80, n° 287 (April 2016), pp. 157-176.
Talbot, Michael, “Gifts of Time: Watches and Clocks in Ottoman-British Diplomacy, 1693–1803”, in Harriet Rudolph (ed.), Material Culture in Modern Diplomacy from the 15th to the 20th Century (Boston: De Gruyter, 2016), pp. 55-79
Talbot, Michael and Phil McCluskey, “Introduction: Contacts, Encounters, Practices: Ottoman-European Diplomacy, 1500-1800”, The Journal of Ottoman Studies 48, n° 48 (2016), pp. 269-276.
Tobey, Elizabeth, “The Palio Horse in Renaissance and Early Modern Italy”, in Karen Raber and Treva J. Tucker (eds.), The Culture of the Horse: Status, Discipline, and Identity in the Early Modern World (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 63-91.
Türesay, Özgür, “The Political Language of Takvîm-i vekayi: the Discourse and Temporality of Ottoman ‘Reform’ (1831-1834)”, European Journal of Turkish Studies 31 (2020), https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.6874.
Upton-Ward, Judith M.A., “European attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire a case study: Sultan Abdülaziz’s visit to Europe in 1867”, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999.
Vezenkov, Alexander, “Reconciliation of the Spirits and Fusion of the Interests. ‘Ottomanism’ as an Identity Politics”, in Mishkova Diana, We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in South-eastern Europe (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009). DOI: http://books.openedition.org/ceup/886.
Websites
American Numismatic Society website: “British Orders and Decorations”, http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan23229.
ArtUK website: “Queen Victoria Investing the Sultan Abdul Aziz with the Order of the Garter”, https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/queen-victoria-investing-the-sultan-abdulaziz-of-turkey-with-the-order-of-the-garter-on-board-the-royal-yacht-17-july-1867-278352
Heraldica.org: ‘Garter List’, https://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm.
Royal Collection Trust webpages
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Notes
Felicity Heal, The Power of Gifts: Gift Exchange in Early Modern England (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 149.
Sinan Kuneralp and Aylin Koçunyan (eds.), Parisʼte Bir Padişah, İstanbulʼda Bir İmparatoriçe 1867-1869, Exhibition Catalogue (Istanbul, 2020); Nihat Karaer, Paris, Londra, Viyana: Abdülaziz'in Avrupa seyahati (Ankara: Phoenix , 2003); Judith M.A. Upton-Ward, “European attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire a case study: Sultan Abdülaziz’s visit to Europe in 1867”, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999; Cemal Kutay, Sultan Abdulaziz'in Avrupa seyahati (Istanbul, Bogazici Yayinlari, 1991).
Michael Talbot and Phil McCluskey, “Introduction: Contacts, Encounters, Practices: Ottoman-European Diplomacy, 1500-1800”, The Journal of Ottoman Studies 48, n° 48 (2016), p. 269.
On the link between the rise of Republicanism in Britain and monarchy’s retreat after Prince Albert’s death in 1861, see for instance: Norbert J. Gossman, “Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century England”, International Review of Social History 7, no. 1 (1962), pp. 47-60.
Defined by Breen as “an engagement with foreign sovereigns through the exchange of collars, cordons, medals and ribbons, those material objects that constitute all modern honors systems”. John Breen, “Ornamental Diplomacy: Emperor Meiji and the Monarchs of the Modern World”, in Robert Hellyer and Harald Fuess (eds.), The Meiji Restoration: Japan as a Global Nation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), p. 232.
Angus Hawkins and John Powell (eds.), The Journal of John Wodehouse First Earl of Kimberley, 1862-1902 (London: RHS, 1997), p. 205.
For the Foreign Affairs Committee, see: Arif Uğur Gülsaran, “The Role of David Urquhart within the Framework of the Ottoman-British Relations during 19th Century”, Phd, Yeditepe University, 2020, pp. 106-112.
Stanley to Crowley, 28/06/1867, Cowley Papers, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, London, FO 519/182, f. 349 (on public expenditure and the Civil List); Queen Victoria to ?, 28/05/1867, Queen Victoria’s Royal Archives (RA), Windsor, VIC/MAIN/1 series, f. 35.
For a review of the vast literature, David M. Craig, “The Crowned Republic? Monarchy and Anti-Monarchy in Britain, 1760-1901”, The Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (2003), pp. 168-179.
Queen’s Telegram to Lord Lyons, 28/05/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/1 series, f. 34.
Ibid.
Telegram from Grey to Stanley, 30/5/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/1 series, f. 38.
Ponsonby, Royal Archivist, to?, 21/05/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/B23 series, f. 68; Lord Grey to Lord Stanley, 30/05/1867, Foreign Office Papers, TNA, FO 78/2010, f. 24.
Stanley to Grey, 22/05/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/B23 series, f. 70.
Ibid.; Stanley to Grey, 30/05/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/1 series, f. 40. On Musurus Pasha’s skills, see: Ali Kemali Ağsüt, Sultan Ezizin Mısır ve Avrupa Seyahati (Istanbul, 1944), p. 86.
On the intellectual project behind the reforms and its ambivalences, see: Alexander Vezenkov, “Reconciliation of the Spirits and Fusion of the Interests. ‘Ottomanism’ as an Identity Politics”, in Mishkova Diana, We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in South-eastern Europe (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009). DOI: http://books.openedition.org/ceup/886.
For a global overview: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2010).
Stanley to Grey, 22/05/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/B23 series, f. 69.
Grey to Stanley, 30/05/1867, FO 78/2010, f. 24.
Salahaddin Bey, La Turquie à l'exposition universelle de 1867 (Paris, Hachette, 1867), “A Sa Majesté Impériale le Sultan”, unnumbered page.
Michael Kouvaros, ‘The Cretan Conflict 1866-1869: Competing and Complementary Ideologies throùugh the Prism of the Greek and Ottoman Press’, PhD, Basel University, 2021, p. 47. Online at: https://edoc.unibas.ch/87239/1/e-diss%20Michail%20Kouvaros.pdf (All links were last consulted on 16/01/2023).
Aylin Kocunyan, “Les voyages du sultan Abdülaziz et leurs répercussions intérieures”, in Sylvain Destephen, Josiane Barbier and François Chausson (eds.), Le gouvernement en déplacement: pouvoir et mobilité de l'Antiquité à nos jours (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2019), p. 579.
Burak Onaran, Détrôner le sultan: Deux conjurations à l'époque des réformes ottomanes, Kuleli (1859) et Mesek (1867) (Leuven, Peeters, 2013), p. 274.
Karaet, Ibid., p. 39; Bülent Arı, “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period”, in A.N. Yurdusev (ed.), Ottoman Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2003), p. 59.
Karaet, Ibid., pp. 49-51.
Darin N. Stephanov, Ruler Visibility and Popular Belonging in the Ottoman Empire, 1808-1908 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019), p. 3; Edhem Eldem, Pride and Privilege. A History of Ottoman Orders, Medals and Decorations (Istanbul, Osmanlı Bankası, 2004); Murat R. Şiviloğlu, The Emergence of Public Opinion: State and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
Stephanov, Ibid., p. 45.
Edhem Eldem, “The Changing Design and Rhetoric of Ottoman Decorations, 1850-1920”, The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 28 (2016), p. 37.
The inscription on the medal reads: “el-Mustanid bi-Tawiqati’r-Rabbaniyye Maliki’d-Dawlati’l-Othmaniyye
Abdulaziz Han”, which translates as “Abdülaziz Khan, Sovereign of the Ottoman State, who relies on divine guidance”.
The Prince of Wales Journal, 6 February-14 June 1862, Entries 24-25 May 1862, Images 174-177 of the digital edition.
Stephanov, Ibid., p. 45.
Musa Müşü and Eren Korkmaz, “İsmail Paşa, Saray ve Babıali: Mısır İşgalinin Siyasi, İktisadî, Sosyal ve İdarî Zemininin İnşası 1863-1879”, International Journal of History 10 (December 2018), footnote 98, p. 157.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/441053/star-of-the-order-of-osmanieh-turkey.
Full list at: https://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm.
Carsten Holbraad, The Concert of Europe: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815-1914 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971), p. 3.
‘The Queen’s Speech’, HL Debate, 05/02/1867, Hansard, vol. 185, §2.
Queen Victoria’s pro-Cretan attitude needs to be contextualised within the context of British Philhellenism, which had strong “monarchical underpinning”. Robert Holland and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850-1960 (Oxford, OUP, 2008), p. 7.
Derby to ?, undated [July 1867], RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f. 109.
Notes by Edward Cust, Master of the Ceremonies, 04/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/A/36 series, f. 3.
Northcote to Widdall, 14/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f.114.
Derby to ?, 14/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f.115; Supplement to The London Gazette, 19 November 1856 (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21942/page/3823).
“British Orders and Decorations”, Chapter IV: The Indian Orders, American Numismatic Society website. http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan23229.
Widdall to Derby, 15/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f. 117.
Robert Wilson, The Life and Times of Queen Victoria, Volume 3 (London, Cassell & Co., 1887), p. 294; Derby to Widdall?, 15/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f. 116.
On the transformation of the “Islamic reference”: Tim Stanley, “Ottoman Gift Exchange: Royal Give and Take”, in Linda Komaroff (ed.), The Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving at the Islamic Courts (Yale, Yale UP, 2011), 149; Özgür Türesay, “The Political Language of Takvîm-i vekayi: the Discourse and Temporality of Ottoman ‘Reform’ (1831-1834)”, European Journal of Turkish Studies 31 (2020), https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.6874.
Barbara Karl, “Objects of Prestige and Spoils of War: Ottoman Objects in the Habsburg Networks of Gift-Giving in the Sixteenth Century”, in Zoltán Biedermann, Anne Gerritsen and Giorgio Riello (eds.), Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia (Cambridge, CUP, 2018), p. 123.
This is reminiscent of what happened in 1856 when the British hesitated on granting the Garter on Sultan Abdülmecid and the French decided to present him with the Légion d’honneur immediately upon hearing the news. As the news became public, the Queen eventually accepted to bestow the distinction on the Sultan through the offices of the British ambassador, Stratford Canning, to maintain influence in the immediate post-Crimean war era. Turgut Subaşi, “Stratford Canning’in Raporlarina Göre Sultan Abdülmecid Ve Ona İngiltere Tarafindan Verilen Dizbaği Nişani”, Belleten 80, n° 287 (April 2016), especially 169-172.
Reproduced on the ArtUK website: https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/queen-victoria-investing-the-sultan-abdulaziz-of-turkey-with-the-order-of-the-garter-on-board-the-royal-yacht-17-july-1867-278352.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/406336/the-investiture-of-the-sultan-with-the-order-of-the-garter-17-july-1867.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/450804/the-investiture-of-sultan-abdulaziz-i-with-the-order-of-the-garter-17-july-1867.
Queen’s diary entry on 17 July, 1867, cited in George Earle Buckle (ed.), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1862 and 1878. Second series, Volume 1 (London, John Murray, 1926), pp. 445-446.
Cf. the 1855 watercolour by G.H. Thomas Queen Victoria investing Napoleon III with the Garter (RCIN 920054, Royal Collection Trust).
https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/12/collection/402020/the-investiture-of-napoleon-iii-with-the-order-of-the-garter-18-april-1855.
Kocunyan, “Ibid.”, p. 584.
Derby to Grey, 20/07/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/A/36 series, f. 5.
Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 1998), p. 36.
Ponsonby, Briefing, 06/06/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/41 series, f. 47.
Reproduced in Wilson, Ibid., p. 295.
Ponsonby, Briefing, 06/06/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/41 series, f. 47.
‘Our Foreign Visitors’, The Illustrated London News, 20 July 1867, front page.
Stanley to the Queen, 10/09/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1 series, f. 158.
For instance: Michael Talbot, “Gifts of Time: Watches and Clocks in Ottoman-British Diplomacy, 1693–1803”, in Harriet Rudolph (ed.), Material Culture in Modern Diplomacy from the 15th to the 20th Century (Boston: De Gruyter, 2016), pp. 55-79; Derya Ocak, “Gift and Purpose: Diplomatic Gift Exchange between the Ottomans and Transylvania during the Reign of István Báthory (1571-1576)”, MA Thesis, Budapest University, 2016, pp. 45-47 (on horses).
Sándor Papp, “Corruption, Bribes, or Just Presents? The Practice of Offering Gifts in Ottoman-Hungarian and Ottoman-Romanian Relations”, in Tatjana Paić-Vukić et al. (eds.), Turkologu u čast! Zbornik radova povodom 70. rođendana Ekrema Čauševića (Zagreb, Open Books 2022). DOI: https://openbooks.ffzg.unizg.hr/index.php/FFpress/catalog/view/139/231/10344
https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/Trails/grand-vestibule-the-british-monarchy-and-the-world/algiers.
Elizabeth Tobey, “The Palio Horse in Renaissance and Early Modern Italy”, in Karen Raber and Treva J. Tucker (eds.), The Culture of the Horse: Status, Discipline, and Identity in the Early Modern World (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 70.
Sarah A. Southall Tooley, The Personal Life of Queen Victoria (London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1897), p. 258.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/405278/queen-victoria-1819-1901.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/2333927/the-queen-balmoral.
One of his successors present in London, Abdul Hamid Efendi (later Sultan Abdul Hamid II, 1876-1909), sought to do the same by offering photographic albums of modern Ottoman imperial life to the US in 1893 for the Chicago International Exhibition and to Britain in 1894. Erin Hyde Nolan, “The Gift of the Abdulhamid II Albums: The Consequences of Photographic Circulation”, Trans Asia Photography 9, no 2 (April 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/215820251_9-2-207.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/403580/queen-victoria-at-osborne
Raymond Lamont-Brown, John Brown: Queen Victoria's Highland Servant (Stroud, The History Press, 2000), p. xviii.
Gina M. Dorré, Victorian Fiction and the Cult of the Horse (Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2006), p. 4.
Stanley to the Queen, 10/09/1867, RA VIC/MAIN/H/1, f. 158.
“Arab Horses Presented by the Sultan to the Price of Wales”, ILN, 16/10/1867, p. 529.
Zoltán Biedermann, Anne Gerritsen, Giorgio Riello, “Introduction”, in Zoltán Biedermann, Anne Gerritsen, Giorgio Riello (eds.), Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia (Cambridge, CUP, 2018, 19-20).
Giorgio Riello, “La culture matérielle de la diplomatie: les cadeaux diplomatiques des ambassades françaises au Siam à la fin du XVIIe siècle”, in Ariane Fennetaux, Anne-Marie Miller-Blaise and Nancy Oddo (eds.), Objets nomades: circulations matérielles, appropriations et formation des identités à l'ère de la première mondialisation, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles (Turnhout: Brepols, 2021), p. 28.
Mustafa Serdar Palabıyık, “The Sultan, the Shah and the King in Europe: The Practice of Ottoman, Persian and
Siamese Royal Travel and Travel Writing”, Journal of Asian History 50, no. 2 (2016), p. 205.
Moritz Deutschmann, “All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century”, Iranian Studies 46, no. 3 (2013), p. 395; for the Shah’s views on the distinction, see the authorisation translation of his travelogue: The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his Tour through Europe in A.D. 1873 (London: John Murray, 1874), p. 146.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/2914411/nasir-al-din-shah-qajar-shah-of-persia-1831-96
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