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Notes
Annot Robinson, “Labour and the W.S.P.U”, Labour Leader, 31 October 1912, p.7.
June Hannam, “Isabella Ford (1855–1924) and Women’s Suffrage”, in June Purvis and June Hannam (eds), The British Women’s Suffrage Campaign: National and International Perspectives (Abingdon, Routledge, 2021), pp.60-77.
Isabella Ford, Women and Socialism (London, Independent Labour Party, 1904), p.3.
Karen Hunt, “Fractured Universality: The Language of British Socialism before the First World War” in John Belchem and Neville Kirk (eds), Languages of Labour (1997) (London, Routledge, 2017), pp.65-80, p.42.
Lily Gair Wilkinson, Revolutionary Socialism and the Woman's Movement (Glasgow, Socialist Labour Party, 1910), p.3.
See Marie Terrier, “Annie Besant’s Struggles against Political and Social Inequalities: From Radicalism to Socialism (1874–1890)” in Muriel Pécastaing-Boissière, Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest (London, Theosophical Publishing House, 2017), pp.151-194.
Mark Bevir, “Fabianism, Permeation and Independent Labour”, The Historical Journal 39.1, March 1996, pp.179-196, p.179.
June Hannam and Karen Hunt, Socialist Women: Britain, 1880s to 1920s (London, Routledge, 2002), p.2.
Annie Besant, Women and Politics: The Way Out of the Present Difficulty (London, Theosophical Publishing Society, 1914), p.11.
See David Rubinstein, Before the Suffragettes. Women’s Emancipation in the 1890s (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1986).
A condescending term coined by Charles E. Hands in the Daily Mail of 10 January 1906, but embraced by the WSPU, to distinguish themselves from NUWSS suffragists. Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928 (London, UCL Press, 1999) p.452.
Olive Banks, Faces of Feminism: A Study of Feminism as a Social Movement (1981) (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986), p.122.
Mandy Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism in England, 1883-1914 (PhD dissertation, Australian National University, 1991), p.270.
Pamela Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918–1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p.14.
Joannou Maroula and June Purvis (eds), The Women’s Suffrage Movement: New Feminist Perspectives (Manchester University Press, 1998), pp.6-7.
Laura E. Nym Mayhall, The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860-1930 (Oxford University Press, 2003), p.38.
Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) (New York, International Publishers, 1892), p.61.
Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (London, Virago, 1983), pp.xv-xvi.
Karen Hunt, Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question 1884-1911 (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p.169.
Sandra Stanley Holton, Feminism and Democracy: Women’s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain 1900-1918 (1986) (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.57.
Catherine Durieux, “Les Femmes dans Nouvelles de Nulle Part” in Martine Faraut and Gilbert Bonifas (eds), Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, William Morris, 13.1, 2004, pp.2-5.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.95.
Ernest Belfort Bax, “Some Current Fallacies on the Woman Question”, Social Democrat, 25 July 1897, pp.201-205.
David Murray Young, People, Place and Party: The Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 (PhD dissertation, Durham University, 2003), p.95.
Ethel Snowden, The Feminist Movement (London and Glasgow, Collins, 1912), p.140.
Ernest Belfort Bax, The Fraud of Feminism (London, Grant Richards, 1913), pp.24-25.
Karen Hunt, Equivocal Feminists, pp.180-1.
Sally Alexander, “The Fabian Women’s Group, 1908-52” in Sally Alexander, Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (London, Virago, 1994), pp.149-158.
June Hannam, “Women and the ILP” in David James, Tony Jowitt and Keith Laybourn (eds), The Centennial History of the ILP (Halifax, Ryburn Publishing, 1992), pp.205-228, p.205.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.131.
Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, pp.108-24.
Laura Ugolini, “It is Only Justice to Grant Women’s Suffrage: Independent Labour Party Men and Women’s Suffrage 1893-1905” in Claire Eustance, Joan Ryan and Laura Ugolini (eds), A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (Leicester University Press, 1999), pp.126-145.
It should be a
See Deborah Mutch, “Making Space for Women: The Labour Leader, the Clarion, and the Women’s Column” in Alexis Easley, Clare Gill and Beth Rodgers (eds), Women, Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 1830s-1900s: The Victorian Period (Edinburgh University Press, 2019), pp. 365-378.
Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, p.90.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.45.
Martin Pugh, “Labour and Women’s Suffrage” in K. D. Brown (ed), The First Labour Party, 1906-1914 (London, Croom Helm, 1985) pp.233-253.
Barry Winter, The ILP Past and Present. Part I (Leeds: Independent Labour Publications, 2023)
Hannah Mitchell, The Hard Way Up (1968) (London, Virago, 1977), p.96.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.56.
Rachel Holmes, Eleanor Marx: A Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), p.xiv
Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, p.65.
Wilkinson, Revolutionary Socialism, pp.5-9 (Wilkinson’s emphasis).
Katherine Connelly, Sylvia Pankhurst: Suffragette, Socialist and Scourge of Empire (London: Pluto Press, 2013), p.29.
Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, My Part in A Changing World (London, Hyperion Press, 1938), p.146.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.309.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.100.
Hannam and Hunt. Socialist Women, p.119.
Hunt, Equivocal Feminists, p.153.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.54.
Hunt, Equivocal Feminists, p.166.
Teresa Billington-Greig, The Militant Suffrage Movement: Emancipation in a Hurry (London, Frank Palmer, 1911), p.23.
Sylvia Pankhurst, The Suffragette Movement: An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals (London, Longman, Green and C°, 1931), p.248.
A popular socialist weekly, launched in 1891 in Manchester by Robert Blatchford. See Mutch, “Making Space for Women: The Labour Leader, the Clarion, and the Women’s Column”, pp. 365-378.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, pp.70-2.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.181.
Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, p.110.
June Hannam, “Isabella Ford (1855–1924) and women’s suffrage”, pp.60-77.
Edward Pease, The History of the Fabian Society (New York, E. P. Dutton and C°, 1916), p.44.
Mary Augusta Ward, “An Appeal Against Women’s Suffrage”, The Nineteenth Century, June 1889, pp.781-3
Beatrice Webb, My Apprenticeship (London, Longmans, Green and C°, 1926), pp.342-3.
Pease, The History of the Fabian Society, p.175.
Ibid. pp.189-190.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, pp.375-6.
Hunt, Equivocal Feminists, p.169.
Ibid., p.174.
Hannam and Hunt. Socialist Women, p.1.
Caroline Rowan, “Women in the Labour Party, 1906-1920”, Feminist Review 12 (1982), pp.74-91, p.79.
Margherita Rendel, “The Contribution of the Women’s Labour League to the Winning of the Franchise” in Lucy Middleton (ed), Women in the Labour Movement: The British Experience (London, Croom Helm, 1977), pp.57-83.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.60.
Rendel, “The Contribution of the Women’s Labour League”, p.69.
Hannam and Hunt. Socialist Women, p.109
Margaret Mulvihill, Charlotte Despard: A Biography (London, Pandora, 1989), p.196.
Hannam and Hunt. Socialist Women, p.110.
Connelly, Sylvia Pankhurst, p.64.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.63-4
Christabel Pankhurst, Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote (London, Hutchinson, 1959), p.186.
Hannam and Hunt. Socialist Women, p.114.
Hunt, Equivocal Feminists, p.160.
Wilkinson, Revolutionary Socialism, pp.8-9 (Wilkinson’s emphasis).
Ibid., pp.18-9.
Rendel, “The Contribution of the Women’s Labour League”, pp.57-83.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.77.
Senia Pašeta, Suffrage and Citizenship in Ireland, 1912–18 (University of London School of Advances Study, Institute of Historical Research Shorts, 2019), pp.11-2.
Rendel, “The Contribution of the Women’s Labour League”, p.70.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, pp.92-5.
Rendel, “The Contribution of the Women’s Labour League”, p.72.
Brown, Richard. Sex, Work and Politics: Women in Britain, 1780–1945 (CreateSpace, 2014) p.434.
Henry Mayers Hyndman, Further Reminiscences (London, Macmillan, 1912), p.290.
Young, People, Place and Party, p.94.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.293.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.172.
Krista Cowman, ‘‘‘Incipient Toryism’? The Women’s Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903-14”, History Workshop 53,1, 2002, pp.128-148, p.135.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.176.
Ibid., p.185
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.294.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, pp.181-4.
Lyndsey Jenkins, “Singing ‘The Red Flag’ for Suffrage: Class, Feminism and Local Politics in the Canning Town Branch of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1906–7” in Alexandra Hughes-Johnson and Lyndsey Jenkins (eds.), The Politics of Women's Suffrage: Local, National and International Dimensions (London, Institute of Historical Research, 2021), pp.59-85.
Liddington and Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.207.
Brown, Sex, Work and Politics, pp.391-2.
Andrew Rosen, Rise Up, Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women’s Social and Political Union 1903-1914, (London, Routledge, 2012), pp.84-85.
Krista Cowman, Mrs. Brown is a Man and a Brother:Women in Merseyside's Political Organisations, 1890-1920 (Liverpool University Press, 2004), pp.57-87.
Cowman, “‘Incipient Toryism’?”, p.131.
Ibid., p.142.
Jill Liddington, Rebel Girls: Their Fight for the Vote (London, Virago, 2006), p.47.
Liddington and Norris One Hand Tied Behind Us, p.213.
See Holton, Feminism and Democracy, pp.76-96.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett, What I Remember (London, T. F. Unwin, 1924), p.207.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.97.
Ibid., p.68.
Cowman, Mrs. Brown is a Man and a Brother, p.75.
Leah Leneman, “A Truly National Movement: The View from Outside London” in Joannou Maroula, and June Purvis (eds.), The Women’s Suffrage Movement: New Feminist Perspectives (Manchester University Press, 1998), pp.37-50, p.46.
Fawcett, What I Remember, p.208.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.85.
See “Suffrage-Labour Campaigning 1913-1914” in Holton, Feminism and Democracy, pp.97-116.
Connelly, Sylvia Pankhurst, p.50.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.312.
Connelly, Sylvia Pankhurst, p.51.
Verna Coleman, Adela Pankhurst: The Wayward Suffragette 1885-1961 (Melbourne University Press, 1992), pp.48-52.
Leveratt, The Relationship Between Feminism and Socialism, p.307.
John Shepherd, George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp.103-137.
Pankhurst, The Suffragette Movement, p.438.
Les Garner, “Suffragism and Socialism: Sylvia Pankhurst 1903–1914” in Ian Bullock and Richard Pankhurst (eds.), Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist (New York, St Martin’s Press, 1992), pp.58-86, p.74.
Connelly, Sylvia Pankhurst, p.56.
Garner, “Suffragism and Socialism”, p.76.
Holton, Feminism and Democracy, p.100.
Ibid., pp.128-9.
Ibid., pp.125-126.
Billington-Greig, The Militant Suffrage Movement, p.214.
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