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Notes
Evans, Geoffrey and Menon, Anand, Brexit and British Politics (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2017), p. 91.
Bale, Tim, “Rebels with a cause: Backbench groups in the parliamentary Conservative Party”, Hansard Society, 30 March 2023, <https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/blog/rebels-with-a-cause-backbench-groups-in-the-parliamentary-conservative-party> [22 January 2025].
Walker, Peter, “ERG out, CRG in: the Tory factions Boris Johnson is struggling to appease”, The Guardian, 8 January 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/08/erg-out-crg-tory-factions-boris-johnson-struggling-appease> [23 January, 2025].
Factionalism has been conceptualised by scholars in different ways, this paper focuses on Rose’s framework as it is authoritative when it comes to the British system.
Rose, Richard, “Parties, Factions and Tendencies in Britain”, Political Studies 12(1) (1964), pp. 33-46.
Bale, Tim, “Rebels with a cause: Backbench groups in the parliamentary Conservative Party”, Hansard Society, 30 March 2023, <https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/blog/rebels-with-a-cause-backbench-groups-in-the-parliamentary-conservative-party> [22 January 2025].
Rose, Richard, “Parties, Factions and Tendencies in Britain”, Political Studies 12 (1) (1964), p. 40.
Beech, Matt, “Conservative Party Ideology in the Age of Brexit”, in Beech, Matt and Simon, Lee (ed.), Conservative Governments in the Age of Brexit (Springer, 2023), pp. 11-24.
Alexandre-Collier, Agnès, “L’avenir du parti conservateur britannique”, Conférence AFGB-CRECIB, 2023.
Alexandre-Collier, Agnès, “‘L’Euroscepticisme’” au sein du parti conservateur britannique’”, (PhD dissertation, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, 1998) .
Williams, Ben and Hickson, Kevin, “Factions and Splits in British Politics”, Political Insight, 12(1) (2021), p. 16.
Webb, Paul and Bale, Tim, “Conflict and cohesion within parties” in Webb, Paul and Bale, Tim (ed.), The Modern British Party System (2nd edn) (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021), p. 213.
Boucek, Françoise, Factional Politics (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 70.
Ibid, pp. 55-62.
Boucek, Françoise, “Rethinking Factionalism: Typologies, Intra-Party Dynamics and Three Faces of Factionalism”, Party Politics 15(4) (2009), p. 469.
Schnapper, Pauline, “Brexit, or Theresa May’s Headache”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 21 (2018), p. 24.
Lynch, Philip and Whitaker, Richard, “All Brexiteers now? Brexit, the Conservatives and party change”, British Politics 13 (2018), p. 38.
Peele, Gillian, “Post Brexit and Post-Covid: Reflections on the Contemporary Conservative Party”, The Political Quarterly 92(3) (2021), p. 406.
Sowemimo, Matthew, “The Conservative Party and European Integration 1988-95”, Party Politics 2(1) (1996), p. 77.
Ibid., p. 78.
Riley-Smith, Ben and Yorke, Harry, “Heavyweight Brexiteers among 60 Tory MPs to demand clean break from the EU”, The Telegraph, 19 November 2016, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/19/heavyweight-brexiteers-go-public-as-60-tory-mps-demand-clean-bre/> [23 January 2025].
Fernandes, Suella, “Britain must untie itself from EU shackles to leave the customs union”, The Telegraph, 19 November 2016, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/19/britain-must-untie-itself-from-eu-shackles-by-using-brexit-to-le/> [23 January 2025].
Baker, Steve, “We must have a real EU exit, not a fake one”, 20 November 2016, <https://www.stevebaker.info/2016/11/a-real-eu-exit-not-a-fake-one/> [23 January 2025].
The Independent, “Theresa May’s keynote speech at Tory conference in full”, 5 October 2016 <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-speech-tory-conference-2016-in-full-transcript-a7346171.html> [04 June 2025].
Ibid.
Ibid.
Riley-Smith, Ben and Yorke, Harry, “Heavyweight Brexiteers among 60 Tory MPs to demand clean break from the EU”, The Telegraph, 19 November 2016, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/19/heavyweight-brexiteers-go-public-as-60-tory-mps-demand-clean-bre/> [23 January 2025].
Tomlinson, Michael, “Human beings are not bargaining chips”, 25 November 2016.
Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority, “Assurance Review: Pooled Services Assessment of risks, controls and compliance, 2015-16”, June 2017, <https://assets.ctfassets.net/nc7h1cs4q6ic/6803Gs6Hwoy1wSBWddNEve/702af7ba6b0908c683a468529d7cf9bd/pooled-services-assurance-report_final.pdf> [23 January 2025].
Ibid., p. 12.
Ibid., p. 13.
Cross-checked lists of ERG members were found on the following media: BBC.com, FT.com, Buzzffeed.com, openDemocracy.net, TheWeek.com and LeftFootForward.com.
Booth, Oliver, Butler, Chris, Jeffery, David and Roe-Crines, Andrew, “Selecting Sunak: Conservative MPs Nomination Preferences in the (Second) British Conservative Party Leadership Election”, Parliamentary Affairs 77(3) (2023), pp. 450-469.
Walker, Peter, “ERG out, CRG in: the Tory factions Boris Johnson is struggling to appease”, The Guardian, 8 January 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/08/erg-out-crg-tory-factions-boris-johnson-struggling-appease> [23 January, 2025].
Murray, C. R. G. and Armstrong, Megan, “A Mobile Phone in One Hand and Erskine May in the Other: The European Research Group’s Parliamentary Revolution”, Parliamentary Affairs 75 (2022), p. 537.
Alexandre-Collier, A. “‘L’Euroscepticisme’” au sein du parti conservateur britannique’, (PhD dissertation, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, 1998), p. 413.
Ibid., p. 537
Paterson, Owen, “Brexit Witness Archive Interview”, UK in a Changing Europe, 4 June 2021, <https://ukandeu.ac.uk/brexit-witness-archive/owen-paterson/> [13 February 2025].
Bale, Tim, The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation (Cambridge, Polity, 2023), p. 101.
Kam, Christopher, Party Discipline and Parliamentary Politics, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Kavanagh, Dennis, “Preface”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 21 (2018), pp. 17-19.
Murray, C. R. G. and Armstrong, Megan, “A Mobile Phone in One Hand and Erskine May in the Other: The European Research Group’s Parliamentary Revolution”, Parliamentary Affairs 75 (2022), p. 538.
Ibid., pp. 539-545.
Ibid., p. 551.
Bale, Tim, The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation (Cambridge, Polity, 2023), p. 78.
Francois, Mark, Spartan Victory: The Inside Story of the Battle for Brexit (Kindle Direct Publishing, 2021)..
Sumption, Jonathan, “Brexit and the British Constitutions: Reflections on the Last Three years and the Next Fifty”, The Political Quarterly 91(1) (2020), p. 108.
YouGov, “The most important issues facing the country”, 2025, <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/the-most-important-issues-facing-the-country> [23 January 2025].
Whale, Sebastian, “The ERG: a party within a party?”, The House, 27 September 2018, <https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/the-erg-a-party-within-a-party> [25 January 2025].
BBC, “The Brexit Storm: Laura Kuenssberg's Inside Story”, 2019 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0003wxb> [25 January 2025].
Alexandre-Collier, Agnès, “From Rebellion to Extinction: Where have all the Tory Remainer MPs Gone?”, The Political Quarterly 91(1) (2020), pp. 24-30.
Gamble, Andrew, “The Remaking of Conservatism: Boris Johnson and the Politics of Brexit”, The Political Quarterly 92 (2021), p. 464.
Augé, Luca, “Johnson and ‘Let’s keep Brexit done’: the instrumental use of the UK’s policy on Europe in Conservative Party management”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 31 (2024), pp. 55-79.
Ibid., pp. 55-79.
Ridge-Newman, Anthony, “Communication strategy, change and the British Conservative Party”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 27 (2021), p. 96.
Augé, Luca, “Johnson and ‘Let’s keep Brexit done’: the instrumental use of the UK’s policy on Europe in Conservative Party management”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 31 (2024), p. 74.
ConservativeHome, ‘2019 General Election: Meet the 107 newly-elected Tory MPs’, 13 December 2019, <https://conservativehome.com/2019/12/13/2019-general-election-newly-elected-conservative-mps/> [23 January, 2025].
Walker, Peter, “ERG out, CRG in: the Tory factions Boris Johnson is struggling to appease”, The Guardian, 8 January 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/08/erg-out-crg-tory-factions-boris-johnson-struggling-appease> [23 January, 2025].
Members of the ChRG have been identified thanks to the group’s website, and MPs members of the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China and of the All-Party Parliamentary China Group have been considered to be aligned with the group’s sinosceptic positions.
Payne, Sebastian, “Senior Tories launch ERG-style group to shape policy on China”, Financial Times, 24 April 2020, <https://www.ft.com/content/b354c58b-06fc-4848-a823-584bcc0c3869> [24 January, 2025].
Members of the CSG have been identified thanks to the signatories of the group’s manifesto and of a letter sent by the group to Boris Johnson and published in the Telegraph on 9 November 2020.
Walker, Peter, “What are the different Conservative factions?”, The Guardian, 8 January 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/08/what-are-the-different-conservative-factions> [23 January, 2025].
NRG members have been identified using the group’s website, MPs’ record of parliamentary expenses, and thanks to the list of signatories of a letter sent by the group to Boris Johnson and published in the Guardian on 26 October 2020.
Connolly, John, “Introducing the Northern Research Group: the trade union for Tory MP”, The Spectator, 17 October 2020, <https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/introducing-the-northern-research-group-the-trade-union-for-tory-mps/> [25 January 2025]
CRG members have been identified by identifying recidivist rebels on a selected list of Covid related votes.
Hope, Christopher, “Tory lockdown rebels unite to form Covid Recovery Group”, The Telegraph, 10 November 2020, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/11/10/headache-pm-dozens-conservative-mps-set-covid-recovery-group/> [25 January 2025]
NZSG members have been identified thanks to the signatories of several letters sent by the group to Boris Johnson that have been published in The Telegraph.
Walker, Peter, “What are the different Conservative factions?”, The Guardian, 8 January 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/08/what-are-the-different-conservative-factions> [23 January, 2025]
Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole, “Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?” Comparative Political Studies 35(8) (2002), pp. 965-989.
Summers, Tim, Chan, Hiu Man, Gries, Peter and Turcsanyi, Richard, “Worsening British views of China in 2020: evidence from public opinion, parliament, and the media”, Asia Europe Journal 20 (2022), pp. 173-194.
Timsit, Annabelle, “Tom Tugendhat, the politician warning of China’s ‘cage-rattling’”, Quartz, 18 May 2021, <https://qz.com/2007290/tom-tugendhat-the-politician-warning-of-chinas-cage-rattling> [24 January 2025].
Northern Research Group, ‘“The NRG is a group comprised of MPs supporting each other by geography, not (always) policy. There was no collective decision to abstain this evening.”’, X, 12 December 2023, <https://x.com/NRG_Comms/status/1734664406137545095> [11 February 2025].
Bale, Tim, “Rebels with a cause: Backbench groups in the parliamentary Conservative Party”, Hansard Society, 30 March 2023, <https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/blog/rebels-with-a-cause-backbench-groups-in-the-parliamentary-conservative-party> [22 January 2025].
Tournier-Sol, Karine, “La droite britannique et les guerres culturelles”, Observatoire de la Société Britannique 31 (2024), pp. 15-32.
The Guardian, “Rishi Sunak rolls back net zero targets in reset of UK climate policies – video”, 20 September 2023, < https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2023/sep/20/rishi-sunak-rolls-back-net-zero-targets-in-reset-of-uk-climate-policies-video> [6 June, 2025].
Harper, Mark, “Lockdown cost lives – we need a different strategy to fight Covid-19”, The Telegraph, 10 November 2020, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/11/10/lockdowns-cost-lives-need-different-strategy-fight-covid-19/>, [6 June 2025].
Yorke, Harry, “Tackle cost of living crisis by scrapping energy bill tax, Tories urge Boris Johnson”, The Telegraph, 1 January 2022, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/01/01/tackle-cost-living-crisis-scrapping-energy-bill-tax-tories-urge/>, [6 June 2025].
Mudde, Cas, “The Populist Zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition 39(4) (2004), p. 543.
This does not apply to the ChRG as the fact that its members were part of several groups can be explained by the consensual nature of sinoscepticism.
Breckwoldt, James, “Who Cares about the Culture War? Evidence from a Vote Choice Conjoint Experiment” (2023), p.3.
The CRG and the NZSG have mostly been concerned with economic liberalism and the impact of Covid restrictions and the net-zero target on the economy, but their attitudes and rhetoric fit with the overall framework of the culture wars.
Evans, Geoffrey, de Geus, Roosmarijn and Green, Jane, “Boris Johnson to the Rescue? How the Conservatives Won the Radical-Right Vote in the 2019 General Election”, Political Studies 71(4) (2021), p. 2.
Sobolewska, Maria and Ford, Robert, Brexitland: identity, diversity and the reshaping of British politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020), p. 224.
Butt, Sarah, Curtice, John and Clery, Elizabeth “Broken Britain?: Public attitudes in an era of crisis”, National Centre for Social Research, 22 September 2022, <https://natcen.ac.uk/publications/british-social-attitudes-39-broken-britain> [13 February, 2025].
Ellis, Charlie, “A Narrowing of the British Conservative Mind”, Society 59 (2022), pp. 688-689
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