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Webster, Lexy, “Academic freedom and transphobia in UK higher education” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”. Populism, Social Fractures and political Communication (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, December 2024).
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Notes
Robert Jenrick, X, 4 January 2025, https://x.com/RobertJenrick/status/1875549435926581584 consulted 10 January 2025.
Ibid.
Peter Walker, “Badenoch defends Jenrick’s remarks about ‘people from alien cultures’”, The Guardian (5 January 2025), https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/jan/05/badenoch-defends-jenricks-remarks-about-people-from-alien-cultures consulted 5 January 2024.
Tim Bale, The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation (Polity Press, 2023); R. Chapman (ed.), Culture Wars. An Encyclopaedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices (M.E. Sharped, 2010); H. C. Davies & S.E. MacRae, S. E., “An anatomy of the British war on woke” in Race & Class, 65(2), 3-54, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1177/03063968231164905; Peter Dorey, “David Cameron’s catastrophic miscalculation: The EU Referendum, Brexit and the UK’s ‘culture war’” in Observatoire de la société britannique [Online] 27 | 2021, pp. 195-226. http://journals.openedition.org/osb/5444 & https://doi.org/10.4000/osb.5444; B. Duffy, K. Hewlett, K., Murkin, G., Benson, R., Hesketh, R., Page, B., Skinner, G. & Gottfried, G., Culture wars in the UK (The Policy Institute King’s College London and Ipsos Mori, June 2021), https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/research-analysis/culture-wars-in-the-uk; B. Duffy, & G. Skinner, G., Woke vs anti-woke? Culture war divisions and politics (The Policy Institute King’s College London with Ipsos MORI, October 2023), https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/research-analysis/culture-wars-in-the-uk; Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty, Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”. Populism, Social Fractures and political Communication (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, December 2024), https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032627199.
B. Duffy, K. Hewlett, K., Murkin, G., Benson, R., Hesketh, R., Page, B., Skinner, G. & Gottfried, G., Culture wars in the UK: how the public understand the debate (The Policy Institute King’s College London and Ipsos Mori, May 2021), https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/research-analysis/culture-wars-in-the-uk.
See Raphaële Kilty, « Towards a very British version of the Culture Wars: An introduction” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”. Populism, Social Fractures and political Communication (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, December 2024), p. 2, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032627199-1.
James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars. The Struggle to Define America. Making sense of the battles over the family, art, education, law and politics (BasicBooks, 1991).
Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty, Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”. Populism, Social Fractures and political Communication (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, December 2024), https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032627199.
Kilty (2024), « Towards a very British version of the Culture Wars”, op. cit., p. 10.
Peter, Mair, “Populist Democracy vs Party Democracy”, in Mény, Y. and Surel, Y. (eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 85.
Ibid.
Maria Sobolewska & George Ford, Brexitland. Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2020), p.21.
Kilty (2024), op. cit., p. 2.
Daniel Diermeier and Christopher Li, « Dynamics of Polarization: Affective Partisanship and Policy Divergence” in British Journal of Political Science (2023), 53, 980-996, p. 980.
Kemi Badenoch, Planet Earth Podcast, The Telegraph, 2 August 2024, https://podtail.com/podcast/planet-normal/kemi-badenoch-on-her-conservative-party-leadership/ and Q/A “Meet our leadership candidates”, interview at the Conservative Party Conference, Birmingham, November 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKHMcfCPx0g.
Antonio Gramsci, The Prison Notebooks (Columbia University Press, 2011). Gramsci was imprisoned in 1926 because of his fierce critic of Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime. He was moved from prison to a closed health facility in 1933 where he died from complications in 1937. During his eleven-year internment, he wrote several dozen so-called Prison Notebooks from which the concept of cultural hegemony is taken.
This has been an ongoing trend since the turn of the century. Boris Johnson, both as Mayor of London and, later, Prime Minister was particularly vocal against the so-called “loony left” and their putative capture of the cultural debates (see, for example, Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”, op. cit., https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032627199).
Kemi Badenoch, “If we don’t defend our culture, who will?”, Speech to the International Democracy Union Forum in Washington (27 November 2024), https://www.kemibadenoch.org.uk/news/if-we-dont-defend-our-culture-who-will-kemi-badenoch-mps-speech-international-democracy-union consulted 5 January 2025.
See John E. Richardson, "'Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: A transnational discourse", in Copsey, Nigel, Richardson, John E. (eds.), Cultures of Post-War British Fascism (London, Routledge); R. Wodak, The Politics of Fear. The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse (Sage Publications Ltd., 2nd edition 2020).
Peter Walker, “Tory MP criticised for using antisemitic term ‘cultural Marxism’, The Guardian, 26 March 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/mar/26/tory-mp-criticised-for-using-antisemitic-term-cultural-marxism consulted 15 April 2024.
Peter Dorey, “The Conservative Right’s War on Woke” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”, op. cit., pp. 111.
Larry M. Bartels (2000); Jon Rogowski & Joseph Sutherland (2016); K Banda & J. Cluverius (2018).
Diermeier et al. (2023), op. cit., p. 980.
Ibid., p. 990.
Ernesto Laclau, On Populist Reason (Verso Books, 2005).
Cas Mudde & Cristobal Kaltwasser, “Populism”, in M. Freeden, L. Sargent, L. & M. Stears, M. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies (Oxford University Press, 2015) citing M. Canovan, Populism (Junction Books, 1981) [294], p. 584
J. Bartle, D. Sanders & J. Twyman, “Authoritarian Populist Opinion in Europe” in I. Crew & D. Sanders (eds), Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), p. 50.
Ibid., p. 587.
Kilty (2024), « Towards a very British version of the Culture Wars”, op. cit., p. 8.
Ibid.
J. Bartle et al., “Authoritarian Populist Opinion in Europe”, op. cit.; I. Crew, “Authoritarian Populism and Brexit in the UK: Historical Perspective, op. cit.; D. Marsh, “Populism and Brexit”, op. cit.; R. Wodak, The Politics of Fear, op. cit.
Kilty (2024), op. cit., pp. 8-10 citing D. Marsh, ibid.
David Featherstone, “Culture Wars and the making of authoritarian populism: articulations of spatial division and popular consent”, in Soundings, Number 81 (Lawrence and Wishart, 2022), https://doi.org/10.3898/SOUN:81.02.2022, p. 24.
M. Kettle (2020), “How Established Parties Respond”, in I. Crew & D. Sanders (eds), op. cit., p. 205.
R. Eatwell & M. Goodwin, National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy (Pelican Books, 2018), p. ix).
Claude Ake, “A Definition of Political Stability” in Contemporary Politics (January 1975, Vol. 7, No 2), p. 273.
Ibid., p. 274.
Claude Ake, “A Definition of Political Stability”, op. cit., p. 273.
Hunter (1991), Culture Wars, op. cit., p.43.
Ibid., p. 44.
Kilty (2024), « Towards a very British version of the Culture Wars”, op. cit., p. 3.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 46.
Ibid., p. 4.
Ibid.
King’s College London, The policy Institute, The Culture Wars in the UK, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/research-analysis/culture-wars-in-the-uk.
Bobby Duffy & Kirstie Hewlett, How culture wars start, 24 May 2021, op. cit., p. 1 (introduction).
David Featherstone, “Culture Wars and the making of authoritarian populism”, op. cit. p. 23. For this definition, Featherstone cites Daniel Trilling (The Guardian, “Attacking lifeboats may seem like a new low, but the right craves a ‘migrant crisis’”, 3 August 2021).
Ibid., p. 24.
The term was first used by African Americans at the time of the civil rights campaign to warn potential victims of racial violence by encouraging them to be “woke” (aware). It has since entered the anglophone sphere as a synonym for politically correct, the political correctness attributed to people harbouring liberal or progressive views on a set of social and societal issues: race, gender, identity in general, human rights, free speech, cultural and historical heritage, etc.
Usually used to describe the decision by university boards to refuse to give a platform to certain speakers on account of the very controversial nature of their views.
A. Finlayson, A. Kelly, R. Topinka. & B. Little, “Digital culture wars: understanding the far right’s online powerbase” in Sounding: A Journal of Politics and Culture Number 81 (Lawrence and Wishart, 2022), p. 48, https://doi.org/10.3898/SOUN:81.03.2022.
For an analysis of the data and statistical evidence showing the depth of the impact of the culture wars on Britain, see Kilty (2024), ibid., chapter 1. For the source material used for the analysis, see The Policy Institute Kings College London, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/research-analysis/culture-wars-in-the-uk.
See Peter Dorey, “The Conservative Right’s War on Woke” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”, op. cit., pp. 98-117. All the names, groups, institutions and media outlets appearing in the list are cited in Peter Dorey’s chapter.
Rishi Sunak, PM speech on security: 13 May 2024 (Prime Minister’s Office), https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-security-13-may-2024 consulted 17 July 2024.
See Lexy Webster, “Academic freedom and transphobia in UK higher education” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”, op. cit., pp. 175-190. In her chapter, Lexy Webster discusses the intertwined issues of no-platforming and freedom of speech in higher education.
Sunak (May 2024), op. cit.
Sunak (May 2024), op. cit.
Rishi Sunak, “Now is the moment for Britain to choose its future”, Speech announcing the 4 July general election outside 10 Downing Street, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGgkQLaYiKA consulted 17 July 2024.
The Conservative and Unionist Party manifesto 2024, “Clear Plan. Bold action, Secure future”, https://public.conservatives.com/static/documents/GE2024/Conservative-Manifesto-GE2024.pdf consulted 17 July 2024, p. 27.
Ibid., p.59.
H. J. Smith, “Britishness as racist nativism: a case of the unnamed ‘other’” in Journal of Education for Teaching, (25 May 2016, 42-3), 298-313.
A reference to the distinction between the “Somewheres” (those who have a strong local attachment to their region and community) and the “Anywheres” (the globalist and cosmopolitan elites) made by David Goodheart in his book: D. Goodhart, The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics (C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd, 2017).
Peter Dorey, “The Conservative Right’s War on Woke” in Alma-Pierre Bonnet and Raphaële Kilty (eds.), Towards a very British Version of the “Culture Wars”, op. cit., p. 104.
Kemi Badenoch, « If we don’t defend our culture, who will?”, speech to the International democracy Union Forum in Washington DC, 7 December 2024, https://www.kemibadenoch.org.uk/news/if-we-dont-defend-our-culture-who-will-kemi-badenoch-mps-speech-international-democracy-union.
Kemi Badenoch, Planet Earth Podcast, The Telegraph, 2 August 2024, https://podtail.com/podcast/planet-normal/kemi-badenoch-on-her-conservative-party-leadership/.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Kemi Badenoch, Q/A “Meet our leadership candidates”, interview at the Conservative Party Conference, Birmingham, November 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKHMcfCPx0g.
Kemi Badenoch, « It’s time to tell the truth about immigration”, Centre for Policy Studies, 27 November 2024, https://www.kemibadenoch.org.uk/news/kemi-badenochs-cps-speech-it-time-tell-truth-about-immgration consulted 15 December 2024.
Badenoch (November 2024), CPC, op. cit.
Ibid.
Kemi Badenoch, “If we don’t defend our culture” (Washington, Dec. 2024) op. cit.
Probably what she believes Critical Race Theory to be.
Ian Montagu & Natalie Maplethorpe, « Five years of unprecedented challenges. The impact of the 2019-2024 Parliament on public opinion”, British Social Attitudes (National Centre for Social Research, No 41 – 12 June 2024), https://natcen.ac.uk/publications/bsa-41-five-years-unprecedented-challenges.
Ibid., p. 23.
Ibid. figures for 2024.
Ibid., p. 24.
Ibid.
Especially that of Nigel Farage, if only because, based on the assumption that it is very unlikely – given the electoral system – he can become Prime Minister, the role which he has assigned himself is that of the disruptive element. His objective has consistently been to shift the focus on a set of specific issues in an attempt to influence the national conversation and gain popular support, therefore increased representation. I refer you to Karine Tournier-Sol’s article in this very issue of the RFCB.
Claude Ake (1975), “A Definition of Political Stability” in Contemporary Politics op. cit., p. 273.
Ibid.
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