Bibliography
Manuscript and archival sources
Bodleian Library, Oxford, Augustine Birrell papers
National Library of Ireland, Dublin, John Redmond papers
Parliamentary Archives, London, David Lloyd George papers
Trinity College Dublin Department of Manuscripts, John Dillon papers
Newspaper sources
Freeman’s Journal
The Irish Times
Printed primary sources
Government of Ireland Act 1914, 4 & 5 Geo. 5 c. 90.
Suspensory Act 1914, 4 & 5 Geo. 5 c. 88.
Robinson, Henry Augustus, Memories: wise and otherwise (London, Cassell and Co., 1923).
The parliamentary debates (Hansard), fifth series, House of Commons and House of Lords (London).
Secondary sources
Andrews, Helen, and Lunney, Linde, “Bailey, William Frederick”, in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish Biography, (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2009).
Crossman, Virginia, “Robinson, Sir Henry Augustus”, in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish Biography, (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2009).
Dunn, Peter, “Forsaking their 'Own flesh and blood'? Ulster unionism, Scotland and home rule, 1886-1914”, Irish Historical Studies, 37, no. 146 (November 2010), pp. 203-220.
Fanning, Ronan, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London, Faber and Faber, 2013).
Foster, R. F., Modern Ireland 1600-1972 (London, Penguin, 1989).
Gwynn, Denis, The History of Partition, 1912-1925 (Dublin, Browne and Nolan, 1950).
Hennessey, Thomas, Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition (London, Routledge, 1998).
Hepburn, A. C., Catholic Belfast and nationalist Ireland in the era of Joe Devlin, 1871-1934 (Oxford, Oxford UP, 2008).
Jackson, Alvin, Judging Redmond and Carson: comparative Irish lives (Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 2018).
Jackson, Daniel M., Popular Opposition to Irish Home Rule in Edwardian Britain (Liverpool, Liverpool UP, 2009).
Jalland, Patricia, “A Liberal Chief Secretary and the Irish Question: Augustine Birrell, 1907-1914”, Historical Journal, xix, 2 (June, 1976), pp. 421-451.
Kendle, John, Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905-1920 (Montreal, McGill-Queen's UP, 1992).
Laffan, Michael, The Partition of Ireland, 1911-25 (Dundalk, Dundalgan Press, 1983).
Lyons, F. S. L., John Dillon: a biography (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968).
McDowell, R. B., The Irish Convention, 1917-18 (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970).
Meleady, Dermot, John Redmond: the national leader (Sallins, Merrion, 2014).
Mulvagh, Conor, “Amicable in tone yet fruitless in result: politicians, press and public and the Buckingham Palace Conference, 1914”, History Studies: University of Limerick History Society Journal, 8 (2007), pp. 77-92.
Mulvagh, Conor, The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900-18 (Manchester, Manchester UP, 2016).
O Donoghue, Brendan, Activities Wise and Otherwise: The Career of Sir Henry Augustus Robinson, 1898-1922 (Sallins, Irish Academic Press, 2015).
Phoenix, Eamon, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890-1940 (Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation, 1994).
Rast, M. C., “The Ulster Unionists ‘On Velvet’ Home Rule and Partition in the Lloyd George Proposals, 1916”, American Journal of Irish Studies, 14 (2017), pp. 113-138.
Smith, Jeremy, “Federalism, Devolution and Partition: Sir Edward Carson and the Search for a Compromise on the Third Home Rule Bill, 1913-14”, Irish Historical Studies, 35, No. 140 (Nov., 2007), pp. 496-518.
Stewart, A. T. Q., Edward Carson (Dublin, Gill and MacMillan, 1981).
Stewart, A. T. Q., The Ulster crisis: resistance to Home Rule, 1912-1914 (London, Faber and Faber, 1967).
Online sources
“Provisional Government for Ulster formed in Belfast” www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/provisional-government-for-ulster-formed-in-belfast [23 June 2018].
Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Ulster Covenant online; www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/about-ulster-covenant [23 June 2018].
“Ulster Provisional Government Proclamation”, 24 Sept. 1913 [Lot 152, Bonhams Auctioneers, 12 June 2012]. https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20137/lot/152/ [23 June 2018].
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Notes
I would like to express my thanks to Jérôme aan de Wiel, Mark Coen, and the editors for their helpful comments on this article. I would also like to acknowledge the support of the EU Erasmus+ staff mobility programme and Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences for their support in carrying out part of the research presented here.
Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Ulster Covenant online (www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/about-ulster-covenant; accessed 23 July 2018).
Peter Dunn, “Forsaking their 'Own flesh and blood'? Ulster unionism, Scotland and home rule, 1886-1914”, Irish Historical Studies, 37, no. 146 (November 2010), pp. 205-12.
H. H. Asquith, “Government of Ireland Bill”, 11 April 1912, Hansard 5 (Commons), xxxvi, cols 1400-1.
Patricia Jalland, “A Liberal Chief Secretary and the Irish Question: Augustine Birrell, 1907-1914”, Historical Journal, xix, 2 (June, 1976), pp. 448-9.
See Michael Laffan, The Partition of Ireland, 1911-25 (Dundalk, Dundalgan Press, 1983), p. 25.
Thomas Agar-Robartes, “Clause 1 – (Establishment of Irish Parliament)”, 11 June 1912, Hansard 5 (Commons), xxxix, col. 771 et seq.
John Kendle, Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905-1920 (Montreal, McGill-Queen's UP, 1992), p. 72.
Ibid.
A. T. Q. Stewart, Edward Carson (Dublin, Gill and MacMillan, 1981), p. 86 and Jeremy Smith, “Federalism, Devolution and Partition: Sir Edward Carson and the Search for a Compromise on the Third Home Rule Bill, 1913-14”, Irish Historical Studies, 35, No. 140 (Nov., 2007), p. 499.
Alvin Jackson, Judging Redmond and Carson: comparative Irish lives (Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 2018), p. 118.
See A. T. Q. Stewart, The Ulster Crisis: resistance to Home Rule, 1912-1914 (London, Faber and Faber, 1967), ch. 6.
On the divergent aims and intentions of Ulster and British Unionism see Jackson, Judging Redmond and Carson, p. 126.
Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London, Faber and Faber, 2013), p. 57 (citing F. E. Smith to Carson in September 1913).
“Ulster Provisional Government Proclamation”, 24 Sept. 1913 [Lot 152, Bonhams Auctioneers, 12 June 2012]. www.bonhams.com/auctions/20137/lot/152/; accessed 23 June 2018.
“Provisional Government for Ulster formed in Belfast” www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/provisional-government-for-ulster-formed-in-belfast; accessed 23 July 2018.
Dermot Meleady, John Redmond: the national leader (Sallins, Merrion, 2014), pp. 247-8. Dillon agreed “fully and heartily” with Redmond’s Cahirciveen speech: Dillon to O’Connor, 2 Oct. 1913 (TCD MS 6740/196). For a summary of the speech from an Irish unionist perspective, see Irish Times, 6 Oct. 1913.
Freeman’s Journal, 29 Sept. 1913. See also, Meleady, Redmond: national leader, pp. 247-8.
This inner leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party is examined in detail in Conor Mulvagh, The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900-18 (Manchester, Manchester UP, 2016).
O’Connor to Devlin, 1 Oct. 1913 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,181/3).
O’Connor to Dillon, 30 Sept. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/194).
O’Connor to Devlin, 1 Oct. 1913 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,181/3).
Ibid..
Devlin to Dillon, 12 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6730/164).
Devlin to Illingworth, 7 Nov. 1913 (ibid.). On the wider contexts of the Home Rule crisis in Britain, see Daniel M. Jackson, Popular Opposition to Irish Home Rule in Edwardian Britain (Liverpool, Liverpool UP, 2009).
All this is reported in “Interview: Mr. Redmond with Mr. Asquith [17 Nov. 1913] (Dictated by Mr. Redmond)”, 27 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6748/508).
Asquith to Redmond, 13 Nov. 1913 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,165/3). Emphasis in original.
“Interview: Mr. Redmond with Mr. Asquith [17 Nov. 1913] (Dictated by Mr. Redmond)”, 27 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6748/508).
Ibid.
See F. S. L. Lyons, John Dillon: a biography (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968), p. 341.
A. T. Q. Stewart describes vividly some of the complex and sometimes daring Unionist arms importation schemes that were in operation during 1913. See Stewart, Ulster Crisis: Resistance to Home Rule, ch. 8.
Asquith to Redmond, 26 Nov. 1913 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,165/3).
Lloyd George, “Interview with Mr John Dillon, at No. 11 Downing St.”, 17 Nov. 1913 (Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George Papers, C/20/2/4).
On Lyons’ suspicions and justification for his stance, see Lyons, Dillon, pp. 338-40.
Dillon to O’Connor, 27 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/213). Emphasis in original.
Lloyd George, “Interview with Mr John Dillon, at No. 11 Downing St.”, 17 Nov. 1913 (Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George Papers, C/20/2/4).
Dillon to O’Connor, 27 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/213). Emphasis in original.
See Lyons, Dillon, p. 340.
Lloyd George, “Interview with Mr John Dillon, at No. 11 Downing St.”, 17 Nov. 1913 (Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George Papers, C/20/2/4).
Ibid.
Only in mid-December, three weeks after meeting in which Lloyd George outlined the true scale and severity of the Unionist threat in Ulster did T. P. O’Connor bring Devlin to a meeting with Lloyd George (O’Connor to Dillon, 17 December 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/217). Dermot Meleady suggests that Devlin may have been preoccupied with the emergence of the Irish Volunteers in Dublin beginning 25 November 1913 (Meleady, Redmond: national leader, pp. 256-7).
Dillon to O’Connor, 27 Nov. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/213).
O’Connor to Dillon, 17 Dec. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/217).
O’Connor to Dillon, 30 Dec. 1913 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6740/219). Emphasis in original.
A. C. Hepburn, Catholic Belfast and nationalist Ireland in the era of Joe Devlin, 1871-1934 (Oxford, Oxford UP, 2008), p. 148.
Redmond to Dillon, 2 Feb. 1914 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6748/519).
Hepburn, Catholic Belfast, p. 148.
“Mr Devlin’s memo”, 20 Feb. 1914 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,181/3 and Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George Papers, C/20/2/6) cited in Hepburn, Catholic Belfast, pp. 148-9.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid, p. 149.
Ibid.
Fanning, Fatal path, p. 102.
Memorandum of interview, 2 March 1914 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,257/2); Denis Gwynn, The History of Partition (1912-1925) (Dublin, Browne and Nolan, 1950), p. 95.
Gwynn, History of Partition, pp. 100-1; Laffan, Partition of Ireland, 1911-25, pp. 37-8.
White paper lxxv (1), marked “confidential”, 6 Mar. 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7035, ff. 295-8).
“Suggestions for a settlement of the Irish question”, marked “secret”, 6 Apr. 1914 (Ibid., f. 328). It should be noted that this second document was written in the aftermath of the so-called ‘Curragh Incident’ but prior to the Larne Gun-running of 24-5 April.
See Robinson to Birrell, 5 March 1914 [enclosing a map [f. 60] breaking down the religious demographics of Ulster’s local government areas but with no proposed boundary line] (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, ff. 55-7).
Helen Andrews and Linde Lunney, “Bailey, William Frederick”, in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish Biography (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2009).
Bailey to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, ff. 72-3).
Brendan O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise: The Career of Sir Henry Augustus Robinson, 1898-1922 (Sallins, Irish Academic Press, 2015), p. 11.
Ibid., pp. 148-50.
Virginia Crossman, “Robinson, Sir Henry Augustus”, in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish Biography (Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2009).
O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise, p. 53.
Henry Augustus Robinson, Memories: wise and otherwise (London, Cassell and Co., 1923), pp. 185; 193.
W. F. Bailey to Augustine Birrell, 6 May 1914 enclosing [W. F. Bailey], “Parliamentary Divisions of the Province of Ulster, with the number of electors; the total population; the number of Roman Catholics; and the number of other denominations in each”, 6 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7035, ff. 72-7).
W. F. Bailey, “Exclusion of Ulster. Suggested delimitation of Area that might be excluded”, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., f. 74-5).
W. F. Bailey to Augustine Birrell, 6 May 1914 and W. F. Bailey, “Exclusion of Ulster. Suggested delimitation of Area that might be excluded”, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., ff. 72-7).
Ibid., f. 74.
Ibid.
[Bailey], “Parliamentary Divisions of the Province of Ulster”, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., ff. 76-7).
Memorandum accompanying Dougherty to Birrell, 11 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, f. 84).
“Valuations on 1st March 1914” (Ibid., f. 59).
Robinson to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., f. 67).
Ibid.
Ibid., f. 68r. Also cited in O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise, p. 181.
Robinson to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, ff. 68v-69r); O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise, pp. 181-2.
Robinson to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, f. 69r).
Bailey to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., ff. 72v-73r).
Robinson to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., f. 70r). Emphasis is in the original. On “The Ulsterman’s minimum…”, see O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise, p. 182.
Dougherty to Birrell, 7 May 1914 (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Birrell papers, MS. Eng. c. 7034, ff. 78-80).
Dougherty to Birrell, 11 May 1914 [plus enclosures] (Ibid., ff. 81-90).
Options for Ulster [Dougherty memorandum, 11 May 1914] (Ibid., ff. 88-9).
Robinson to Birrell, 6 May 1914 (Ibid., f. 70r).
Options for Ulster [Dougherty memorandum, 11 May 1914] (Ibid., ff. 87-8).
Ibid., ff. 89-90.
O Donoghue, Activities Wise and Otherwise, p. 183. See also, Gwynn, History of Partition, p. 116 et seq.
Hepburn, Catholic Belfast, p. 166. Other than Hepburn’s reference, there is no comment on why Devlin was excluded. The reason seems to rest simply with the fact that all parties at the conference were allowed two delegates and Redmond and Dillon were the most senior and obvious choices. It may be inferred – but it is not stated anywhere – that Devlin was viewed as divisive and tarred with a sectarian brush through his involvement in the AOH.
Laffan, Partition of Ireland, p. 44 and Gwynn, History of Partition, p. 116 et seq.
Laffan, Partition of Ireland, pp. 44-5.
For a full analysis of the conference see Conor Mulvagh, “Amicable in tone yet fruitless in result: politicians, press and public and the Buckingham Palace Conference, 1914”, History Studies: University of Limerick History Society Journal, 8 (2007), pp. 77-92.
Thomas Hennessey, Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition (London, Routledge, 1998), pp. 71-8.
Suspensory Act, 1914, and Government of Ireland Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5 c. 88 and c. 90).
Hennessey, Dividing Ireland, p. 145.
Devlin, memorandum of interview with Lord Northcliffe, marked ‘secret’, 15 May 1916 (National Library of Ireland, MS 15,181/3).
Ibid.
O’Connor to Dillon, 18 May 1916 (Trinity College Dublin, MS 6741/308).
O’Connor to Dillon, 18 May 1916 (Ibid.).
R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600-1972 (London, Penguin, 1989), p. 486.
Hepburn, Catholic Belfast, p. 176.
Eamon Phoenix, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890-1940 (Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation, 1994), p. 22. Lloyd George’s assurances to Carson (29 May 1916) are reproduced in Gwynn, History of partition, p. 149.
For a good synopsis of the dénouement of the 1916 Lloyd George scheme, see M. C. Rast, “The Ulster Unionists ‘On Velvet’ Home Rule and Partition in the Lloyd George Proposals, 1916”, American Journal of Irish Studies, 14 (2017), pp. 125-31.
A full breakdown of the voting in the Ulster Convention is contained in Hepburn, Catholic Belfast, p. 179.
R. B. McDowell, The Irish Convention, 1917-18 (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), pp. 53-4.
Hennessey, Dividing Ireland, pp. 146-8.
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