Bibliography
Archival Sources
Bodleian Library, Oxford, “A voyce from the watch tower”, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.hist.c.487
Staatsarchiv Bern, Raths-Manual der Stadt Bern, A II 454, vol. 143 (27 January 1662 to 7 June 1662).
Printed Primary Sources
Aristotle, The Politics and The Constitution of Athens, ed. Stephen Everson, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Collins, Arthur, Letters and memorials of state in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver’s usurpation. Written and collected by Sir Henry Sydney ... Sir Philip Sydney and his brother Sir Robert Sydney... Robert, the second Earl of Leicester... Philip, Lord Viscount Lisle ... and of his brother, Colonel Algernon Sydney. Faithfully transcribed from the originals at Penshurst Place in Kent, the Seat of the Earls of Leicester, and from His Majesty’s Office of Papers and Records for business of state: together with letters of the other ministers of state, with whom they held a correspondence: whereunto is added genealogical and historical observations: also memoirs of the lives and actions of the Sydneys, and their noble ancestors the Dudleys, Grey, Talbot, Beauchamp, Berkley and Lisle; and a defence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, wrote by Sir Philip Sydney..., 2 vols, London, printed for T. Osborne, in Gray’s-Inn. MDCCXLVI. [1746].
Louis XIV, Mémoires pour les années 1661 et 1666, ed. J. Lognon, Paris, 1923.
Ludlow, Edmund, A voyce from the watch tower: part five: 1660-1662, ed. A.B. Worden, London, 1978.
Sidney, Algernon, Court Maxims, ed. Hans W. Blom, Eco Haitsma Mulier, Ronald Janse, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
---. Discourses concerning government, ed. Thomas G. West, Indianapolis (IN), Liberty Fund, 1996.
The speeches and prayers of some of the late king’s judges, viz. Major General Harison, Octob. 13. … Together with severall occasionall speeches and passages in their Imprisonment till they came to the place of execution. Faithfully and impartially collected for further satisfaction. Heb. 11.4 And by it he being dead, yet speaketh. n.p., Printed Anno Dom. 1660.
Secondary Works
Borot, Luc, “Subject and Citizen: The Ambiguity of the Political Self in the Early Modern English Commonwealth” (present journal issue).
Catterall, Ralph C.H., “Sir George Downing and the Regicides”, American Historical Review 17 (1912), pp. 268-289.
Coffey, John, “Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: the Case for Toleration in the English Revolution”, Historical Journal 41: 4 (1998), pp. 961-985.
Collinson, Patrick, “The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I”, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 69 (1987), pp. 394-424.
---, De republica Anglorum: or, history with the politics put back, Cambridge, 1990.
Davis, J.C., “Religion and the Struggle for Freedom in the English Revolution”, Historical Journal 35:3 (1992), pp. 507-530.
Firth, C.H., “Ludlow, Edmund (1616/17–1692)”, rev. Blair Worden, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17161, accessed 25 April 2014].
Goldie, Mark, “The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England” in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500-1850 (Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2001), pp. 153-94.
Harris, Tim, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660-1685 (London, Allen Lane, 2005).
Held, David, “Cosmopolitanism, democracy and the global order” in Maria Roviso and Magdalena Nowicka (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism (Farnham, Ashgate, 2011), pp. 163-77.
Hindle, Steve, “Hierarchy and Community in the Elizabethan Parish: The Swallowfield Articles of 1596”, Historical Journal 42 (1999), pp. 835-51.
Holmes, Clive, “John Lisle, Lord Commissioner of the Great Seal, and the Last Months of the Cromwellian Protectorate”, English Historical Review 122 (2007), pp. 918-36.
Hugli, Jean, “Les ‘régicides’ anglais et l’assassinat du chancelier Lisle (1664)”, in Grandes heures de Lausanne (1041-1797): Ouvrage orné de 8 hors-texte et d’une vignette de couverture (Lausanne, 1967), chapter 7.
---, “Un drame à Lausanne en 1664”, Rendez-vouz: Revue du Léman 10 (October, 1948), no pagination.
Hull, William, Benjamin Furly and Quakerism in Rotterdam (Lancaster, Lancaster Press, 1941), pp. 77-82.
Hutton, Sarah (ed.), Benjamin Furly 1646-1714: a Quaker Merchant and his Milieu (Firenze: Olschki, 2007).
Mahlberg, Gaby, “Les juges jugez, se justifiants (1663) and Edmund Ludlow’s Protestant Network in Seventeenth-Century Switzerland”, Historical Journal 58:2 (2014), pp.1-28.
Ngai, Mae M., “Promises and Perils of Transnational History,” Perspectives Online 50:9, December 2012, http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2012/1212/Promises-and-Perils-of-Transnational-History.cfm consulted 7 September 2013.
Peltonen, Markku, Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought, 1570-1640 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Rahe, Paul A., Republics Ancient and Modern, 3 vols (Chapel Hill, NC & London, University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
Scott, Jonathan, Commonwealth Principles: Republican Writing of the English Revolution (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007).
---, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic 1623-167 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Simonutti, Luisa, “English guests at ‘De Lantaarn’. Sidney, Penn, Locke, Toland and Shaftesbury” in Sarah Hutton (ed.), Benjamin Furly 1646-1714: a Quaker Merchant and his Milieu (Firenze, Olschki, 2007), pp. 31-66.
Van Santvoord, G(eorge), Life of Algernon Sidney: with sketches of some of his contemporaries and extracts from his correspondence and political writings, 3rd ed. (New York, Charles Scribner, 1858).
Winship, Michael, “Algernon Sidney’s Calvinist Republicanism”, Journal of British Studies 49:4 (2010), pp. 753-773.
Worden, Blair. “Whig History and Puritan Politics: The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow revisited”, Historical Research 75 (2002), pp. 209-37.
---. “Providence and Politics in Cromwellian England”, Past and Present 109 (1985), pp. 55-99.
---. “Classical republicanism and the Puritan Revolution” in Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Valery Pearl and Blair Worden (eds), History and Imagination: Essays in Honour of H.R. Trevor-Roper (London, Duckworth, 1981), pp. 182-200.
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Notes
* I would like to thank the organisers of the conference « La conception britannique de la citoyenneté: histoire, evolutions, transferts »/ “The British Conception of Citizenship: History, Changes and Transfers” at the Université de Toulouse II – Le Mirail, Nathalie Duclos and Vincent Latour, as well as Myriam-Isabelle Ducrocq for inviting me to present this paper, and the panel chair Xavier Cervantes and the audience for their helpful comments. I am also grateful to Delphine Doucet for helping me with the translation of the abstract into French.
The key work is Aristotle’s Politics. For a modern edition see Aristotle, The Politics and The Constitution of Athens, ed. Stephen Everson (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); see also Markku Peltonen, Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought, 1570-1640 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004); and Jonathan Scott, Commonwealth Principles: Republican Writing of the English Revolution (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007).
John Coffey, “Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: the Case for Toleration in the English Revolution”, Historical Journal 41:4 (1998), pp. 961-985; J.C. Davis, “Religion and the Struggle for Freedom in the English Revolution”, Historical Journal, 35:3 (1992), pp. 507-530; Blair Worden, “Classical republicanism and the Puritan Revolution” in Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Valery Pearl and Blair Worden (eds), History and Imagination: Essays in Honour of H.R. Trevor-Roper (London, Duckworth, 1981), pp. 182-200; the same, “Providence and Politics in Cromwellian England”, Past and Present 109 (1985), pp. 55-99. Sometimes a distinction is drawn between “religious” and “secular”/”constitutional” republicanism, whereas I would argue that elements of both can be found in all seventeenth-century English republicans to varying degrees.
I use the buzzword “transnational” as a conscious anachronism for polemical purposes to draw attention to the narrow insularity of much English historiography which says more about the way in which modern historians work than about the nature of early modern political thought and activism. For the early modern period, an era that predates the “nation state”, terms like “transterritorial” or “transcultural” might be more appropriate. However, the use of “transnational” has been established to describe a history that crosses a variety of borders. Cf. Mae M. Ngai, “Promises and Perils of Transnational History”, Perspectives Online 50:9 (December 2012), http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2012/1212/Promises-and-Perils-of-Transnational-History.cfm consulted 7 September 2013.
For an excellent recent summary of Restoration politics, see Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660-1685 (London, Allen Lane, 2005).
Jonathan Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English republic 1623-1677 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), “Part Two: War and Politics”, pp. 75-140 passim, and pp. 124ff; C. H. Firth, “Ludlow, Edmund (1616/17–1692)”, rev. Blair Worden, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17161 consulted 25 April 2014].
Aristotle, Politics, p. 62.
E.g. Sidney in the Court Maxims stresses “virtue” and “piety” (p. 2) as key characteristics of good subject-citizens and courtiers. The “seeds of virtue” (p. 3) in a courtier show the quality of his standing, while “virtue” should be “cherished” (p. 7). See Algernon Sidney, Court Maxims, ed. Hans W. Blom, Eco Haitsma Mulier, Ronald Janse (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996).
See Algernon Sidney, Discourses concerning government, ed. Thomas G. West (Indianapolis (IN), Liberty Fund, 1996), II:1, pp. 79-80, referring to Aristotle’s Politics.
For a compatibility of civic duty with a monarchical framework, see Patrick Collinson, “The monarchical republic of Queen Elizabeth I”, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 69 (1987), pp. 394-424, and the same, De republica Anglorum: or, history with the politics put back (Cambridge, 1990); Steve Hindle, “Hierarchy and Community in the Elizabethan Parish: The Swallowfield Articles of 1596”, Historical Journal 42 (1999), pp. 835-51; Mark Goldie, “The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England” in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500-1850 (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 153-94. See also Peltonen, Classical Humanism and Republicanism and Luc Borot’s article “Subject and Citizen: The Ambiguity of the Political Self in the Early Modern English Commonwealth” in the present journal issue.
Algernon Sidney from Stockholm to Robert earl of Leicester, 27 June 1660, in Arthur Collins, Letters and memorials of state in the reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, part of the reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver’s usurpation. Written and collected by Sir Henry Sydney ... Sir Philip Sydney and his brother Sir Robert Sydney... Robert, the second Earl of Leicester... Philip, Lord Viscount Lisle ... and of his brother, Colonel Algernon Sydney. Faithfully transcribed from the originals at Penshurst Place in Kent, the Seat of the Earls of Leicester, and from His Majesty’s Office of Papers and Records for business of state: together with letters of the other ministers of state, with whom they held a correspondence: whereunto is added genealogical and historical observations: also memoirs of the lives and actions of the Sydneys, and their noble ancestors the Dudleys, Grey, Talbot, Beauchamp, Berkley and Lisle; and a defence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, wrote by Sir Philip Sydney..., 2 vols (London, printed for T. Osborne, in Gray’s-Inn. MDCCXLVI. [1746]), vol. II, pp. 690-1.
Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 125.
Ibid., p. 690.
Algernon Sidney from Copenhagen to Robert earl of Leicester, 14 July 1660, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, pp. 691-4, p. 691.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 694.
Ibid., p. 691.
Algernon Sidney to Robert earl of Leicester from Rome, 19/29 November 1660, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, pp. 700-1.
See The speeches and prayers of some of the late king’s judges, viz. Major General Harison, Octob. 13. … Together with severall occasionall speeches and passages in their Imprisonment till they came to the place of execution. Faithfully and impartially collected for further satisfaction. Heb. 11.4 And by it he being dead, yet speaketh. n.p. (Printed Anno Dom. 1660).
Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 50, p. 101.
Ibid., pp. 94ff.
Cf. Paul A. Rahe, ‘Introduction’ to vol. I of Republics ancient and modern (Chapel Hill (NC) and London, University of North Carolina Press, 1994), pp. 22-3 on the Greek practice of ostracism.
Edmund Ludlow, A voyce from the watch tower: part five: 1660-1662, ed. A.B. Worden (London, 1978), p. 195. This edition by Worden contains only the first part of Ludlow’s memoirs. I use Worden’s edition for quotations from the 1660-1662 part of the text. Later quotes refer to Ludlow’s manuscript, “A voyce from the watch tower”, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.hist.c.487 (hereafter “Voyce”). For a history of this text, see the introduction to Worden’s edition and his “Whig History and Puritan Politics: The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Revisited”, Historical Research 75 (2002), pp. 209-37.
See note 22 above.
Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 966.
Some very similar language can also be found in the eighth dialogue of Sidney’s Court Maxims.
E.g. Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 1072 (“tyrant”), and p. 1077, p. 1134 (“present Usurper”).
Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 966.
Ralph C.H. Catterall, “Sir George Downing and the Regicides”, American Historical Review 17 (1912), pp. 268-289.
See the author’s “Les juges jugez, se justifiants (1663) and Edmund Ludlow’s Protestant Network in Seventeenth-Century Switzerland”, Historical Journal 58:2 (2014), pp.1-28.
Ibid., pp. 10-11. For their religious refugee status see Raths-Manual der Stadt Bern, A II 454, vol. 143 (27 January 1662 to 7 June 1662). The original entry (in German) for 16 April, p. 317, reads: “Uff etlicher, von des Glaubens wegen, uß Ihrem Land vertribener Enggelländeren gebürendes Nachwerben, daß Sy sich so lang es Ir g[nädigen] h[erren] gefallen und sich wol verhalten werdend, alhier Inn Ihr g[nädigen] h[erren] Lands uffhalten und Ihre Sicherheit haben Mögind.”
Ludlow, Voyce, p. 922. Louis XIV’s younger brother, Philippe I, duke of Orléans (and duke of Anjou) was married to Princess Henrietta of England and Scotland, daughter of Charles I and sister of Charles II. The Duchess of Orléans/Anjou played an important role in the persecution of the regicides on the Continent. After several failed attempts on the lives of the exiles, John Lisle was finally assassinated in Lausanne in 1664. See Jean Hugli, “Les ‘régicides’ anglais et l’assassinat du chancelier Lisle (1664)” in Grandes heures de Lausanne (1041-1797): Ouvrage orné de 8 hors-texte et d’une vignette de couverture (Lausanne, 1967), chapter 7; the same, “Un drame à Lausanne en 1664”, Rendez-vouz: Revue du Léman 10 (October 1948), n.p.; and Clive Holmes, “John Lisle, Lord Commissioner of the Great Seal, and the Last Months of the Cromwellian Protectorate”, English Historical Review 122 (2007), pp. 918-36.
Algernon Sidney (from Rome?) to Robert earl of Leicester, 8/18 April 1661, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, pp. 708-10, p. 709.
Ibid., p. 710.
Ibid., p. 710.
Algernon Sidney from Rome to Robert earl of Leicester, 19/29 November 1660, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, pp. 700-701, p. 700.
Algernon Sidney (from Rome) to Robert earl of Leicester, 22 April/2 May 1661, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, pp. 716-7, p. 717.
Algernon Sidney from Frascati to Robert earl of Leicester, 23 June/3 July 1661, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, pp. 720-1, p. 720.
Algernon Sidney (from Rome) to Robert earl of Leicester, 29 January/ 8 February 1660/1, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, p. 704.
Algernon Sidney (from Rome) to Robert earl of Leicester, 22 April/2 May 1661, in Collins, Letters and memorials of state, vol. ii, pp. 716-7, p. 717.
This included the Act of Uniformity (1662), the Conventicle Act (1664) and the Five Mile Act (1665).
Being a good citizen and patriot can in some cases mean acting against one’s own country David Held, “Cosmopolitanism, democracy and the global order” in Maria Roviso and Magdalena Nowicka (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to Cosmopolitanism (Farnham, Ashgate, 2011), pp. 163-77, p. 170.
On the friendship between Sidney and Furly, see William Hull, Benjamin Furly and Quakerism in Rotterdam (Lancaster, Lancaster Press, 1941), pp. 77-82; and Luisa Simonutti, “English guests at ‘De Lantaarn’. Sidney, Penn, Locke, Toland and Shaftesbury” in Sarah Hutton (ed.), Benjamin Furly 1646-1714: a Quaker Merchant and his Milieu (Firenze, Olschki, 2007), pp. 31-66. Sarah Hutton suggests (drawing on Richard Greaves) that Sidney’s Court Maxims might have been produced at Furly’s house. See her ‘Introduction’ to Hutton (ed.), Benjamin Furly, pp. 1-10, pp. 3, 4-5.
Algernon Sidney, Court Maxims, pp. 82-3. The manuscript of the Court Maxims was discovered at Warwick Castle in the 1970s by Blair Worden and subsequently edited for publication 1996. Sidney, Court Maxims, p. vii. Note that Sidney uses religious language similar to that of Ludlow. On Sidney’s religion and politics, see Michael Winship, “Algernon Sidney’s Calvinist Republicanism”, Journal of British Studies 49:4, 2010, pp. 753-773.
G(eorge) Van Santvoord, Life of Algernon Sidney: with sketches of some of his contemporaries and extracts from his correspondence and political writings, 3rd ed. (New York, Charles Scribner, 1858), p. 181.
Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 1056.
Ibid., p. 1058.
Ibid., p. 1059.
Ibid., p. 1065.
Ibid., p. 1079.
Ibid., p. 1057.
Ibid., pp. 1056-7.
Van Santvoord, Life of Sidney, p. 182.
Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 1112.
Ibid., p. 1113.
Ibid., p. 922.
Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 184; Ludlow, “Voyce”, p. 1123.
1 écu was worth 3 livres tournois. In today’s money this might have been (very) roughly 1 million pounds.
Louis XIV, Mémoires pour les années 1661 et 1666, ed. J. Lognon (Paris, 1923), p. 213, quoted in Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 184 (Scott’s translation).
Scott, Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 184.
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