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Notes
The Guardian, “Full text: Theresa May's conference speech”, 7 October 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/oct/07/conservatives2002.conservatives1 (accessed on 14 June 2021).
“Culture”, Etymonline https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=culture&ref=searchbar_searchhint.
Jean-Daniel Collomb, « Climat et guerre culturelle », Revue française d’études américaines, vol. 140, no. 3, 2014, pp. 94-106.
Davison Hunter James, Culture Wars, The Struggle To Define America (New York, Basic Books, 1991), p. 43.
John Curtice, “The Emotional Legacy of Brexit: How Britain Has Become a Country of ‘Remainers’ and ‘Leavers’”, What UK Thinks: EU, 2018, Available at: https://whatukthinks.org/eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/.
Yascha Mounk, “Left for Dead”, Democracy Journal, Fall 2019, <https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/54/left-for-dead/> consulted 14 May 2020.
Hunter, 1991, p. 50.
Mounk, Fall 2019, op. cit.
Robert Ford and Matthew Goodwin, Revolt on the Right (London, Routledge, 2014), p. 114.
According to Sobolewska and Ford, this cultural shift dates back decades but it became a real issue in the mid-2000s. Maria Sobolewska, Robert Ford, Brexit and Britain’s Culture Wars, Political Insight, March 2020.
Mounk, Fall 2019, op. cit.
Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, National Populism (London, Pelican Books, 2018), Introduction (xxxii).
Matthew Goodwin, “Explaining the rise of the UK independence party”, Europe for citizens, <https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/uploads/2014/06/ukip_eu.pdf> consulted 15 May 2020.
Matthew Watson, “Brexit, the left behind and the let down: the political abstraction of ‘the economy’ and the UK’s EU referendum”. British Politics 13, 17–30 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-017-0062-8
Matthew Goodwin, Oliver Heath, “A tale of two countries: Brexit and the ‘left behind’ thesis”, LSE Blog, <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/brexit-and-the-left-behind-thesis/> consulted 15 May 2020.
Ford and Goodwin, 2014, op. cit., p. 113.
Ford and Goodwin, 2014, op. cit., pp. 126-138.
Eric Kaufmann, “Who cares about immigration?”, 26 November 2019, UnHerd, <https://unherd.com/2019/11/who-cares-about-immigration/> consulted 15 May 2020.
Dorey Pete, “David Cameron’s catastrophic miscalculation: The EU Referendum, Brexit and the UK’s ‘culture war’”, Observatoire de la société britannique, N°27– 2021.
James Hampshire, « The Cost of Broken Promises or How Policy Failure Can Help Win Elections - Immigration and the 2015 UK General Election », Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XX-3 | 2015, Online since 01 December 2015, connection on 15 May 2020. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/560; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rfcb.560.
Matthew J. Goodwin, and Oliver Heath (2016) “The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result”. The Political Quarterly, 87 (3). p. 329. ISSN 0032-3179.
Yascha Mounk, “Brexit Is a Cultural Revolution”, The Atlantic, 24 October 2019 <https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/what-brexit-means-europe/600583/> consulted 15 May 2020.
Catharine R. Stimpson “Identity politics”, Merriam-Webster, <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/identity%20politics> consulted 18 May 2020.
Curtice, 2018, op. cit.
D. Phillips, J. Curtice, M. Phillips, and J. Perry (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 35th Report (London, The National Centre for Social Research, 2018).
In 2018, a survey found out that “44 per cent [of British voters] say they very strongly identify with their side of the Brexit vote, compared with 9 per cent who very strongly identify with their political party”: Bobby Duffy; Kirstie Hewlett; Julian McCrae; John Hall. “Divided Britain? Polarisation and fragmentation trends in the UK”. King’s College. The Policy Institute. September 2019.
Bobby Duffy, “Polarisation during the general election campaign”, King’s College, <https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/polarisation-during-the-general-election-campaign> consulted 18 May 2020.
It should be noted that some members of both sides, not only the Leavers, have radicalized. Source: Rafael Behr, “Remain is now a political identity that will shape Britain long after Brexit”, 22 October 2019, The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/22/remain-identity-survive-brexit-young-generation> consulted 18 May 2020.
M. Sobolewska and R. Ford, “British Culture Wars? Brexit and the Future Politics of Immigration and Ethnic Diversity”, in Kelly, G, Pearce, N (eds.), Britain Beyond Brexit, The Political Quarterly, Vol 90, Issue S2, 2019, pp. 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12646
Mounk, October 2019, op. cit. p. 3.
Sebastian Payne, “UK election: how the Tories ‘got it done’”, 22 December 2019, Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/ab3692b0-2317-11ea-92da-f0c92e957a96> consulted 18 May 2020.
Yascha Mounk, “How Labour Lost the Culture War”, The Atlantic, 13 December 2019, <https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/how-culture-killed-labour-party/603583/> consulted 25 May 2020.
Mark Hayhurst, “Who were those People?’: The Labour Party and the Invisibility of the Working Class”, The Political Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 1, January–March 2020. p. 142.
Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson, “Divided by Values: Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party and England’s ‘North-South Divide’”, Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XXV-2 | 2020, Online since 25 May 2020, connection on 25 May 2020. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/5456
Philippe Marlière, “Jeremy Corbyn: généalogie d’un succès”, Les Temps Modernes 692, 2017/1, p. 59.
Jon Lawrence, “Labour and the Culture Wars of Modern Politics”, The Political Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 1, January–March 2020, p. 32.
Daniel Wainwright, “General election 2019: How Labour's 'red wall' turned blue”, BBC News, 13 December 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50771014.
Tom McTague, “Boris Johnson Bets on a Strategy Theresa May Ignored”, The Atlantic, 29 November 2019.
Labour had increased its vote share by 9.5% with an extra 30 seats in Parliament. 2017 GE result, BBC News, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2017/results.
Iain Watson, “General election 2019: Labour gambles on 'radical' strategy”, BBC News, 31 October 2019 <https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50253803> consulted 27 May 2020.
The Lib Dem leader Jo Swinson implied that she could get into a coalition with Labour, provided Corbyn stepped down as leader.
Watson, 2019, op. cit.
Sebastian Payne and Jim Pickard, “The campaign teams behind Jeremy Corbyn and Boris Johnson”, Financial Times, 11 November 2019 <https://www.ft.com/content/8610dc48-0148-11ea-b7bc-f3fa4e77dd47> consulted 27 May 2020.
One official back then had made it clear: “the election is not just about Brexit, it's the people versus the powerful” in Charlie Cooper and Tom McTague, “Jeremy Corbyn campaign team defies gravity”, Politico, 28 April 2017 https://www.politico.eu/article/jeremy-corbyn-campaign-team-defies-gravity/ consulted 26 May 2020.
Payne and Pickard, 2019, op. cit.
Sarah Prescott-Smith, “Which issues will decide the general election?”, YouGov, 7 November 2019 <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/11/07/which-issues-will-decide-general-election > consulted 27 May 2020.
Eunice Goes, Labour’s 2019 Campaign: A Defeat of Epic Proportions, Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 73, Issue Supplement_1, September 2020, p. 91, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa023 (consulted on 14 June 2021).
Kully Kaur-Ballagan, “Analysis of interaction between leave/remain and Conservative/Labour supporters”, Ipsos MORI, https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/analysis-interaction-between-leaveremain-and-conservativelabour-supporters (accessed on 13 June 2021).
Matt Walsh, “#GE2019 – Labour owns the Tories on Instagram, the latest digital battlefield”, Election Analysis, http://www.electionanalysis.uk/uk-election-analysis-2019/section-6-the-digital-campaign/ge2019-labour-owns-the-tories-on-instagram-the-latest-digital-battlefield/ (accessed 13 June 2021).
Simeon Yates and Eleanor Lockley, “Social Media and Social Class”, American Behavioral Scientist 2018, Vol. 62(9) 1291 –1316 https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773821
Rosalynd Southern, “Big chickens, dumbfakes, squirrel killers: was 2019 the election where ‘shitposing’ went mainstream?”, Election Analysis, <http://www.electionanalysis.uk/uk-election-analysis-2019/section-6-the-digital-campaign/big-chickens-dumbfakes-squirrel-killers-was-2019-the-election-where-shitposing-went-mainstream/ > consulted 27 May 2020.
Patrick Maguire and George Grylls, “Isaac Levido and the Meme Machine”, New Statesman, 4 December 2019 <https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/election-2019/2019/12/isaac-levido-and-meme-machine> consulted 27 May 2020.
Prescott-Smith, 2019, op. cit.
Goes, 2020, op. cit., p. 88.
Payne and Pickard, 2019, op. cit.
Goes, 2020, op. cit, p. 86.
Ed Fieldhouse, “Labour’s electoral dilemma”, British Election Study, 17 October 2019, https://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-findings/labours-electoral-dilemma/#.YMb3magzbcd (accessed on 14 June 2021).
Florentin Collomp, “La nouvelle casquette pro-Brexit de Jeremy Corbyn Le leader travailliste cherche à présenter une alternative au modèle de Theresa May pour la Grande-Bretagne hors de l’UE”, Le Figaro, 11 janvier 2017.
Tom Mc Tague, “Court of Jeremy Corbyn tightens its grip”, Politico, 28 February 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/court-of-jeremy-corbyn-tightens-its-grip-labour-left-wing/ (accessed on 17 june 2021).
It should be noted that opposition to Corbyn within Labour is not limited to Blairites and some members of Labour’s “Soft left” also tried to remove Corbyn from office: Philippe Marlière, “Jeremy Corbyn : généalogie d’un succès”, Les Temps Modernes 692, 2017/1, p. 65.
Pierre Walthéry, « Jeremy Corbyn et le parti travailliste : une drôle de Paix », Mouvements 89, 2017/1, p. 145.
Ben Jackson, “Getting Labour together”, The Political Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 1, January–March 2020.
Tim Ross and Tom McTague, Betting the house (London, Biteback, 2017), p. 68.
Heather Stewart, “'Crushed by Brexit': how Labour lost the election”, The Guardian, 21 January 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jan/21/crushed-by-brexit-how-labour-lost-the-election (consulted 17 June 2021).
Alain Tolhurst, “Jeremy Corbyn 'most unpopular opposition leader of past 45 years', says poll”, Politics Home, 20 September 2019 <https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/jeremy-corbyn-most-unpopular-opposition-leader-of-past-45-years-says-poll> consulted 30 May 2020.
Adam McDonnell and Chirs Curtis, “How Britain voted in the 2019 general election”, YouGov, 17 December 2019 <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/12/17/how-britain-voted-2019-general-election> consulted 30 May 2020.
Toufik Abdou, “Le Programme du parti travailliste aux élections législatives de 2019 : la plus longue liste de Noël de l’histoire ?”, Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XXV-3 | 2020, Online since 10 September 2020, connection on 28 September 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/5827; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rfcb.5827.
McTague, 2019, op. cit.
Corbyn nonetheless had to concede near the end of the campaign that lower earners might have to pay more taxes under a Labour government.
Matthew Smith, “Labour economic policies are popular, so why aren’t Labour?”, YouGov, 12 November 2019 <https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/11/12/labour-economic-policies-are-popular-so-why-arent-> consulted 31 May 2020.
Mounk, Fall 2019, op. cit.
Curtis Chris, “In their own words: why voters abandoned Labour”, YouGov, 23 December 2019, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/12/23/their-own-words-why-voters-abandoned-labour (accessed on 14 June 2021).
Ashcroft Michael, “Diagnosis of Defeat: Labour’s Turn to the Smell the Coffee”, Lord Ashcroft Polls, 2020, p. 13, https://lordashcroftpolls.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DIAGNOSIS-OF-DEFEAT-LORD-ASHCROFT-POLLS-1.pdf (accessed 14 June 2021).
Lorenza Antonucci, Laszlo Horvath, and André Krouwel, “Brexit was not the voice of the working class nor of the uneducated – it was of the squeezed middle”, 13 October 2017, LSE Blog <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/brexit-and-the-squeezed-middle/> (accessed 31 May 2020).
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