Bibliographie
Manuscripts
“Obituaire, martyrologe, chronique, etc., de l’abbaye de Saint-Evroul (dioc. de Lisieux)”, Paris, BnF, ms lat. 10062, fols. 1r–36v (s. XII, Saint-Évroult). URL: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8539717m
Sources
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (eds.), Oxford, Clarendon Press (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1969. DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198221739.book.1
Camdeni et illustrium virorum ad Camdenum epistolae praemittitur Camdeni vita, Thomas Smith (ed.), Londini, Impensis Richardi Chiswelli, 1691. URN: https://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11219856-1
Domesday Book, A Survey of the Counties of England, vol. 1, Kent, Philip Morgan (ed.), Chichester, Phillimore, 1983.
Dudo of Saint-Quentin, De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum, Jules Lair (ed.), Caen, Le Blanc-Hardel (Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 23), 1865. URL: https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FfoI_dZG8d0C/page/n3/mode/2up
Guy, Bishop of Amiens, The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, Frank Barlow (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1999. DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198207580.book.1
Guy, Bishop of Amiens, The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, Catherine Morton and Hope Muntz (eds.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1972.
Les actes de Guillaume le Conquérant et de la reine Mathilde pour les abbayes caennaises, Lucien Musset (ed.), Caen, Caron (Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 37), 1967.
Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History, Marjorie Chibnall (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1969–1980, 6 vols. DOI vol. 1: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222469.book1; DOI vol. 2: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222040.book.1; DOI vol. 3: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222194.book.1; DOI vol. 4: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222194.book.1; DOI vol. 5: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222323.book.1; DOI vol. 6: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222422.book.1
B. Lanfranci Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi Opera Omnia, Louis d’Achery (ed), Paris, Garnier-Migne (Patrologia Latina, 150), 1880.
Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum: The Acta of William I (1066–1087), David Bates (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998.
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, R. H. C. Davis and Marjorie Chibnall (eds.), Oxford, Clarendon Press (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1998. DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198205531.book.1
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi Ducis Normannorum, et Regis Anglorum, in Historiae Normannorum scriptores antiqui, res ab illis per Galliam, Angliam, Apuliam, Capuae principatum, Siciliam, et Orientem gestas explicantes, ab anno Christi DCCCXXXVIII ad annum MCCXX, André Duchesne (ed.), Lutetiae Parisiorum, apud Robertum Foüet, Nicolaum Buon, Sebastianum Cramoisy, 1619, edition on p. 178-213. URL: https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001100843544/IMG00000202
William of Poitiers, Histoire de Guillaume le Conquérant, Raymonde Foreville (ed.), Paris, Les Belles Lettres (Classiques de l’Histoire au Moyen Âge, 23), 1952.
William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, Elisabeth M. C. van Houts (ed.), Oxford, Clarendon Press (Oxford Medieval Texts), 1992–1995, 2 vols. DOI vol. 1: 10.1093/actrade/9780198222712.book.1; DOI vol. 2: 10.1093/actrade/9780198205203.book.1
Studies
Azzetta, Luca, “Le ragioni della filologia nell’attribuzione a Dante dell’ ‘Epistola a Cangrande’”, in Le filologie della letteratura italiana – Modelli, esperienze, prospettive: Atti del Convegno internazionale Roma, 28-30 novembre 2019, Marco Berisso, Monica Berté, Simona Brambilla, Corrado Calenda, Claudia Corfiati, Daniela Gionta and Claudia Vela (eds.), Florence, Società dei filologi della letteratura italiana (Il testo nel tempo, 2), 2021.
Barlow, Frank, “Carmen de Hastingae Proelio”, in Studies in International History: Essays Presented to W. Norton Medlicott, Kenneth Bourne and Donald C. Watt (eds.), London, Longmans, 1967, p. 35-67. URL: https://ia601508.us.archive.org/13/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.131418/2015.131418.Studies-In-International-History.pdf
Bates, David, Normandy Before 1066, London, Longman, 1982.
Bates, David, “The Conqueror’s Earliest Historians and the Writing of his Biography”, in Writing Medieval Biography 750–1250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow, David Bates, Julia C. Crick and Sarah Hamilton (eds.), Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2006, p. 129-142. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81vqt.13
Bates, David, William the Conqueror, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2016. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxxprw
Beer, Jeanette M. A., Narrative Conventions of Truth in the Middle Ages, Geneva, Librairie Droz (Études de Philologie et d’Histoire, 38), 1981.
Bouet, Pierre, “Orderic Vital, lecteur critique de Guillaume de Poitiers”, in Medievalia Christiana XIe–XIIe siècles: Hommage à Raymonde Foreville de ses amis, ses collègues et ses anciens élèves, Coloman E. Viola (ed.), Paris, Éditions universitaires, 1989, p. 25-50.
Chibnall, Marjorie, The World of Orderic Vitalis, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984.
Crosby, Everett U., The King’s Bishops: The Politics of Patronage in England and Normandy 1066–1216, New York, Palgrave Macmillan (The New Middle Ages), 2013.
Crouch, David, The Normans: The History of a Dynasty, London, Hambledon and London, 2002.
Davis, Ralph H. C., “William of Poitiers and his History of William the Conqueror”, in The Writing of History in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, Ralph H. C. Davis and John M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds.), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981, p. 71-100.
Davis, R. H. C., “William of Jumièges, Robert Curthose and the Norman Succession”, The English Historical Review, 95, 376, 1980, p. 597-606. DOI: 10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXVI.597
Douglas, David, “The Norman Episcopate before the Conquest”, The Cambridge Historical Journal, 13, 2, 1957, p. 101-115. DOI: 10.1017/S1474691300000159
Garnett, George, The Norman Conquest in English History: Volume I: A Broken Chain?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198726166.001.0001
Gibson, Margaret, T., Lanfranc of Bec, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978.
Gransden, Antonia, Historical Writing in England c.550 to c.1307, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1974, 2 vols.
Haye, Thomas, Verlorenes Mittelalter: Ursachen und Muster der Nichtüberlieferung mittellateinischer Literatur, Leiden, Brill (Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 49), 2016. DOI: 10.1163/9789004325272
Hagger, Mark S., Norman Rule in Normandy, 911–1144, Martlesham, The Boydell Press, 2020.
Hagger, Mark S., William, King and Conqueror, London, I. B. Tauris, 2012.
Herendeen, Wyman H., “Camden, William”, Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography, 2004, consulted online, 4 Oct. 2022.
Hobbins, Daniel, Authorship and Publicity Before Print: Jean Gerson and the Transformation of Late Medieval Learning, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press (The Middle Ages Series), 2009. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj0m6
Körting, Gustav, Wilhelm’s von Poitiers Gesta Guilelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum: Ein Beitrag zur anglo-normannischen Historiographie, Dresden, Blochmann, 1875.
Niskanen, Samu, “Copyists and Redactors: Towards a Prolegomenon to the editio princeps of Peregrinatio Antiochie per Vrbanum papam facta”, in Transmission of Knowledge in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Outi Merisalo, Miika Kuha and Susanna Niiranen (eds.), Turnhout, Brepols (Bibliogia, 53), 2019, p. 103-114. DOI: 10.1484/M.BIB-EB.5.117235
Niskanen, Samu, “Anselm’s Predicament: the Proslogion and Anti-Intellectual Rhetoric in the Aftermath of the Berengarian Controversy”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 82, 4, 2021, p. 547-568. DOI: 10.1353/jhi.2021.0032
Niskanen, Samu, Publication and the Papacy in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Elements in Publishing and Book Culture), 2021a. DOI: 10.1017/9781009109864
Niskanen, Samu, “The Emergence of a Literary Culture: Authorial Publication in Denmark in the Long Twelfth Century”, in The Meaning of Media: Texts and Materiality in Medieval Scandinavia, Anna C. Horn and Karl G. Johansson (eds.), Berlin, De Gruyter (Modes of Modification, 1), 2021b, p. 71-91. DOI: 10.1515/9783110695366-004
Nortier, Geneviève, Les bibliothèques médiévales des abbayes bénédictines de Normandie, Caen, Caron, 1966.
Root, Robert K., “Publication before Printing”, PMLA, 28, 3, 1913, p. 417-431. DOI: 10.1632/457029
Sharpe, Richard, “Anselm as Author: Publishing in the Late Eleventh Century”, The Journal of Medieval Latin, 19, 2009, p. 1-87. DOI: 10.1484/J.JML.1.100545
Shopkow, Leah, History and Community: Norman Historical Writing in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 1997.
Spear, David S., The Personnel of the Norman Cathedrals during the Ducal Period, 911–1204, London, Institute of Historical Research, 2006.
Tahkokallio, Jaakko, The Anglo-Norman Historical Canon: Publishing and Manuscript Culture, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Elements in Publishing and Book Culture), 2019. DOI: 10.1017/9781108624886
Tether, Leah, “Revisiting the Manuscripts of Perceval and the Continuations: Publishing Practices and Authorial Transition”, Journal of the International Arthurian Society, 2, 1, 2015, p. 20-45. DOI: 10.1515/jias-2014-0002
Tether, Leah, Publishing the Grail in Medieval and Renaissance France, Woodbridge, D. S. Brewer (Arthurian Series, 85), 2017. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1t6p5fz
Thomson, Rodney M., William of Malmesbury, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2003. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt163tbs8
Tite, Colin G. C., The Early Records of Sir Robert Cotton’s Library, London, The British Library, 2003.
Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C., “Camden, Cotton and the Chronicles of the Norman Conquest of England”, The British Library Journal, 18, 2, 1992, p. 148-162. DOI: 10.23636/778
Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C., “Wace as Historian”, in Family Trees and the Roots of Politics: The Prosopography of Britain and France from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century, Katherine S. B. Keats-Rohan (ed.), Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1997, p. 103-132.
Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C., “The Adaptation of the Gesta Normannorum Ducum by Wace and Benoît”, in Non Nova, sed Nove: Mélanges de civilisation médiévale dédiés à Willelm Noomen, Mediaevalia Groningana 5, Martin Gosman and Jaap van Os (eds.), Groningen, Bouma’s Boekhuis, 1984, p. 115-124.
Vaughn, Sally N., Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent, Berkeley, University of California Press (Voices Revived), 1987.
Vernet, A., “Notice et Extraits d’un Manuscrit d’Édimbourg (ADV. MSS. 18.6.12, 18.7.8, 18.7.7)”, Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes, 107 (1947-1948), p. 33-51. DOI: 10.3406/bec.1948.449378
Willoughby, J., “The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall: Publication and Censorship in Angevin England”, in The Art of Publication from the Ninth to the Sixteenth Century, Samu Niskanen (ed.) with the assistance of Valentina Rovere, Turnhout, Brepols (Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia, 93), 2023, p. 131-166. DOI: 10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.133083
Winkler, Emily A., “The Norman Conquest of the Classical Past: William of Poitiers, Language and History”, Journal of Medieval History, 42, 4, 2016, p. 456-478. DOI: 10.1080/03044181.2016.1179215
Winterbottom, Michael, “Notes on William of Poitiers”, The Journal of Medieval Latin, 9, 1999, p. 121-130. DOI: 10.1484/J.JML.2.304117
Haut de page
Notes
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 716538 (MedPub, Medieval Publishing from c. 1000 to 1500).
The title Gesta Guillelmi is editorial. The authorial title, if there ever was one, is unknown. The first edition of 1619 by André Duchesne entitled the work Gesta Guillelmi Ducis Normannorum, et Regis Anglorum. The later editions are based on Duchesne’s work. The most recent, accompanied by translations, are by Raymonde Foreville and by R. H. C. Davis and Marjorie Chibnall. For textual corrections by conjecture, see Winterbottom, 1999.
The term “publishing moment” is taken from Hobbins, 2009, p. 154 (for a wider discussion see p. 153-157). In recent scholarship, authorial publication in the Middle Ages is treated, explicitly or implicitly, as a process. See e.g. Sharpe, 2009, passim; Niskanen, 2021a, p. 1 and passim; Tahkokallio, 2019, p. 1 and, for an overview of various approaches to the subject, p. 3-9.
Sharpe, 2009, p. 5. Non-authorial publishing in manuscript cultures, a perspective that attends to the mechanics of subsequent dissemination, is likewise a fresh scholarly discussion, for which see esp. Tether, 2015 and Tether, 2017.
Niskanen, 2021a.
Tahkokallio, 2019, p. 2, 8-9.
URL: dmpn.helsinki.fi. L. Leinonen, S. Niskanen and O.-P. Kasurinen (eds.).
Haye, 2016, p. 4.
Ibid., p. 637.
For a recent attempt to this effect, see Niskanen, 2021b.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xv-xvi, xx; Davis, 1981, p. 74. William is known to have composed verse, of which none remains. For two misattributions and the pertinent refutation, see Vernet, 1947–1948, p. 33-51 and Nortier, 1966, p. 344; PL 150, col. 1573.
GG, ed. Duchesne, p. 178, 213.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xx. The GG can also be taken as an independent continuation to Dudo of Saint-Quentin’s Historia Normannorum; Dudo of Saint-Quentin, ed. J. Lair, 1865.
The extant text begins with the death of King Canute in 1035 and ends with the death of Earl Copsi in 1067. However, Orderic Vitalis mentions that William had extended his work to the death of Edwin, earl of Mercia; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258. We must assume that the GG also described the earliest years of its protagonist’s life and perhaps the death of his father in 1035. Aspects of the missing text can be reconstructed from the Liber Eliensis and the works of William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis, for which see Davis, 1981, p. 99-100.
The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. F. Barlow, and The GND, ed. van Houts. See also Bates, 2012, p. 131-133 and GG, ed. Foreville, p. xx-xxxviii.
“The early [Norman historical] tradition culminated in him”, stated Barlow, 1967, p. 48.
OV, ed. Chibnall, I, p. 45-48. The main passages on William of Poitiers: ibid., II, p. 78, 184, 258-260.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258. He was probably born around 1020 or earlier; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xv. His family were apparently tenants of the de Beaumonts; Davis, 1981, p. 86. OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258.
William remarked that he was in Poitiers at the time of the siege of Moulinherne c. 1049; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 14. He perhaps studied at the school of Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand; Davis, 1981, p. 86.
“Ipse siquidem praedicti regis capellanus longo tempore extitit”; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 184.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258.
Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, ed. D. Bates, no. 217, p. 695. Another candidate for “Guillelmus archidiaconus” is William of Glanville, archdeacon of Lisieux around the same time. William of Poitiers’ familial connections make him the more probable candidate: his sister was Saint-Léger’s abbess: OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258 and III, p. 20; Spear, 2006, p. 174.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258.
See Orderic’s remark, discussed below in greater length, that William of Poitiers wished to extend his work to the death of William the Conqueror but was prevented from doing so by “unfavourable circumstances” (“aduersis casibus impeditus”); OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 184.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 14, 52, 66, 92.
Chibnall, 1984, esp. p. 45-85, 209-220.
Davis, 1981, p. 89. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, no. 181, p. 599.
Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, no. 48, p. 226.
Domesday book, I, p. 1d.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xx; GG, ed. Foreville, p. xii, xlvi-xlix.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xxx; OV, ed. Chibnall, p. 184.
GG, ed. Foreville, p. xxi; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xxvi-xxvii.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xix-xxii, 189-190. William is, e.g., paralleled and favourably compared to Caesar, p. 29, 168-174.
Gransden, 1974, p. 101-102; The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy Bishop of Amiens, C. Morton and H. Muntz (eds.), p. xviii; Bates, 2012, p. 129-133; Winkler, 2016, p. 456-457; Beer, 1981, p. 13-22; GG, ed. Foreville, p. xlvi-xlix.
Winkler, 2016, passim.
For Orderic’s judgement to that effect, see OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 184.
Chibnall considers the GG to have been written on the king’s command; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 378. For an elaboration of this proposition, see Bates, 2012, p. 130, 135. Shopkow, 1997, p. 43-44, 227 disagrees and proposes that Bishop Hugh of Lisieux commissioned the piece. Commissions were sometimes obtained after the work’s completion, a process for which there is late antique evidence. See Niskanen, 2021a, p. 18-19.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 78-79. Translation is by Chibnall, except that I have rendered the verb praesentauerunt as “presented” rather than “dedicated”.
GND, ed. van Houts, I, p. 4.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 92-94.
Winkler, 2016, p. 460. William clearly wrote the work for public consumption rather than for his own gratification; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 6, 58 and 158.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 184-185. Translation by Chibnall, except that I have rendered the word edidit as “composed” rather than “published”. For the meaning of the verb edere in Medieval Latin, see Sharpe, 2009, p. 1, n. 2.
GG, ed. Duchesne, p. a4r; GG, ed. Foreville, p. viii; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xvi. Some ambiguity can be detected in previous discussions. For instance, R. H. C. Davis wrote of the “completion” of the GG c. 1077; Davis, 1981, p. 74. Chibnall described the work as “unfinished” without specifying how; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xx. Bates, 2016, p. 355, suggests that William either chose to end the work with the fall of Edwin and Morcar or became disillusioned with King William, such that working on the GG became a “moral impossibility”.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xliv; Davis, 1981, p. 94-95. Cotton acquired the manuscript after 1602 but before 1618: van Houts, 1992, p. 153; Garnett, 2020, p. 370.
GG, ed. Duchesne, fol. a3v; Camden, ed. Smith, no. clxxxv, p. 231-232. The manuscript was returned to Cotton; Tite, 2003, p. 10 and 52.
No clear references to the GG are known from any medieval library catalogue. The existence of one other, a more complete copy, was mentioned by Fabri de Peiresc in 1618. That copy had supposedly belonged to the library of Pierre Pithou (1539–1596), and Fabri de Peiresc had been promised access to it. However, the Pithou manuscript was never found or made available to Duchesne and Fabri de Peiresc; Camden, ed. Smith, no. clxxvi and clxxxv, p. 222 and 232. Wide-ranging searches have been conducted to no avail: Davis, 1981, p. 95-98; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xliv-xlv. Considering that the GG and its author were hardly known before Duchesne’s edition, the Pithou copy was probably a ghost based on a misidentification. This would not have been unheard of. In 1602, Camden misattributed a short text consisting of two excerpts from Orderic Vitalis’ Historia Ecclesiastica as the GG; van Houts, 1992, p. 153.
“Guillelmi Pictavini Codex, qui, ut diximus, ex instructissima Nobilissimi Cottoni Bibliotheca prodit, antiquissimus est, talisque notae quem autographum non immerito plerique existiment”; GG, ed. Duchesne, fol. a3v.
“Je viens de recevoir tout maintenant votre paquet du deuxieme de ce mois, ensemble l’autographe du fragment de Guillelmus Pictavinus bien conditionnè […] J’ay pris fort grand Plaisir de le voir, & crois veritablement qu’il soit escrit du tems meme de l’autheur: car le caractere n’est point plus modern que cela”; Camden, ed. Smith, no. clxxxv, p. 231.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 84, 92-94, 177.
Note that Foreville assumed that the dedication of Saint-Étienne took place in 1073; GG, ed. Foreville, p. xviii-xix, 128 n. 2. The date of 1077 has since been proven; Les actes de Guillaume le Conquérant et de la reine Mathilde pour les abbayes caennaises, ed. L. Musset, 1967, p. 14-15.
“Ea illius temperantia fuit ac prudentia […] turmas militum cernens non exhorrescens”: GG, ed. Duchesne, p. 197, 211-212; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 102-104, 180. Both appearances are in the second book according to the modern division. Yet, in the authorial division, suggested by a rubric, they were apparently found in two distinct books; GG, ed. Duchesne, p. 199. Later editions, starting with Foreville’s, divide the work into two books, but place the division eight chapters earlier: GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xlvii; GG, ed. Foreville, p. lvi.
Niskanen, 2019, p. 112; see also Willoughby, 2023.
Camden, ed. Smith, no. clxxvi, p. 222.
For a brief appreciation, see Herendeen, 2004, “Influence and legacy” and passim.
See, e.g. Azzetta, 2021, tracing corruption caused by an untidy lost autograph of Dante’s Epistola ad Cangrande.
GND, ed. van Houts, II, p. 192. Robert presented the GG with Guy of Amiens’ work, echoing a similar passage in Historia Ecclesiastica; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 184-186.
GND, ed. van Houts, I, p. lxxxviii. Two longer textual reminiscences in ibid., II, p. 238, 244-246. The other passages only amount to four words (“Morinorum, quos moderni Flandros [appellant]”) and six words (“castellum quod sancti Jacobi appellatum est”); ibid., II, p. 60, 208 respectively.
PL 150, cols. 39A-B, 41D-42A; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 248-250.
PL 150, col. 41C; GG, ed. Davis and Chibnall, p. 84; GND, ed. van Houts, II, p. 238. Note that the GG presents the passage in connection to the dedication of Saint-Étienne of Caen, Milo Crispin in a passage on Lanfranc’s accession to the archbishopric of Canterbury, and the GND in its account of Boso’s accession to the abbacy of Le Bec.
E.g. a draft of Lanfranc’s or Herluin’s Vita with excerpts pertinent to Le Bec; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. xviii-xxi. Milo Crispin alludes to turning to another source, “to insert something omitted”; PL 150, col. 39A.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xliii; Davis, 1981, p. 84 n. 1, 94; Körting, 1875, passim; van Houts, 1997, p. 106-110; van Houts, 1984, p. 119-120; Albu, 2001, p. 222-223.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xliii.
Davis, 1981, p. 100.
See Nortier, 1966. The GG was not attested in the twelfth-century booklist of Saint-Évroult; OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. xviii. Neither do William and his work make any appearance in the volumes of the Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues.
Orderic did not slavishly copy the GG, but rephrased and omitted text at will; Bouet, 1989, p. 28-29.
Orderic probably directed the monastery’s scriptorium for a time and acted as the community’s bibliotecarius; Chibnall, 1984, p. 33-34.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 188-189.
GND, ed. van Houts, I, p. lxxiii suggests Orderic knew the GG by 1113. The GG’s influence is recognised by van Houts in chapter 13 (31); ibid., II, p. 160. Davis, 1981, p. 94, on the other hand remarks “there is nothing to suggest that he knew [the GG] when he made his additions to [the GND]”.
OV, ed. Chibnall, p. xv.
William of Malmesbury’s exceptionally wide reading is one of the best studied cases in the twelfth century; Thomson, 2003, p. 10-11, 40-75, 202-214.
Gransden, 1974, p. 270-274.
Tahkokallio, 2019, p. 18-24, 26-31.
Ibid., p. 35-43.
Ibid., p. 43-47.
Ibid., p. 48.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 90, 92-94, 100. The final entry is merely “Lexouiensis episcopi Hugonis (de cuius uita supra scripsimus)”.
Hagger, 2020, p. 223.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 88.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 92.
Cases, from Bede to Boccaccio, are too abundant to be listed here, see e.g. Root, 1913, p. 421-422.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 258-261. Translation by Chibnall, except that I have rendered the word edidit as “composed” rather than “published”; see n. 42 above.
Cf. GG, ed. Foreville, p. viii.
William also partook in scholarly activities under Gilbert; OV, ed. Chibnall, III, p. 20-22.
OV, ed. Chibnall, III, p. 18.
William of Poitiers writes of “our army” and “our party” on several occasions; e.g. GG, ed. Davis and Chibnall, p. 48, 52 and 66. This does not constitute conclusive evidence that he was present, of course.
Bates, 1982, p. 211; Hagger, 2012, p. 119. Later chaplains made bishops in Normandy include John of Lisieux (1107), Ouen of Evreux (1113) and Richard of Avranches (1133); Hagger, 2020, p. 224. See also OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 300-302; Crosby, 2013, p. 171-172.
Bates, 1982, p. 210-211; Hagger, 2020, p. 221-224.
Douglas, 1957, p. 102-104; Crosby, 2013, p. 51-58; Hagger, 2020, p. 222-223; Bates, 1982, p. 209-211, 226-228.
Hagger, 2020, p. 225-226, 247-249.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 40, 74.
OV, ed. Chibnall, II, p. 90 and 94. He obtained a royal pardon years after; OV, ed. Chibnall, III, p. 158.
Similarly, Archbishop Mauger of Rouen, Duke William’s uncle, was deposed from his seat in 1054; GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 86-89. The deposition was likely connected to William of Arques’ rebellion against the duke: OV, ed. Chibnall, IV, p. 84-86; Crouch, 2002, p. 69-70; Hagger, 2020, p. 126-127; Gibson, 1978, p. 106-107. Also Lanfranc of Bec, prior and later abbot of Caen, had a falling-out with the duke c. 1050, and was banished from the duchy until being reconciled soon afterwards; Vaughn, 1987, p. 38-39.
Bates, 2016, p. 396-404, 441-445.
One example is Samson, Queen Matilda’s messenger, who fled to Saint-Évroult. OV, ed. Chibnall, III, p. 104. Samson cannot be identified from the obituary list of Saint-Évroult, which includes several monks of this name; Paris, BnF, lat. 10062, e.g. fols. 7v and 17v.
Domesday Book, p. 1d.
The GG arguably mirrors a Bayeuxian interpretation of the Conquest: GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. xvi-xvii, 90-92, 164-166; Davis, 1981, p. 80-82, 90-93; The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. F. Barlow, p. 44. Cf. Shopkow, 1997, p. 94-95 and Bates, 2012, p. 141.
Bates, 2016, p. 441-445.
E.g. Bishop Gilbert Maminot was a major tenant of Odo, but remained in the king’s favour: OV, ed. Chibnall, IV, p. 80; Davis, 1981, p. 90-92; Crosby, 2013, p. 232.
GG, eds. Davis and Chibnall, p. 62.
Davis, 1980, passim; GND, ed. van Houts, I, p. xxxiv.
Davis, 1981, p. 91.
Haut de page