Sources primaires
« 17 D.C. Groups Ask Speedy Integration ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 20 mai 1954, p. 10.
« 550 Students out in Capital ». The Baltimore Sun, 5 octobre 1954, p. 23.
« Bastian Dismisses, then Urges Appeal in School Racial Suit ». The Washington Post, 5 avril 1951, p. 1.
Bidwell, James K., Ray P. Foote, Charles N. Mazadoorian, William Wurster, et Stanley Sulzer. « Desegregation in Washington Schools – Two Years Later ». Journal of Educational Sociology, vol. 30. n° 9, 1957, p. 405-413.
Brown, Nona. « D.C. Schools Test Desegregation: Plan on Mixed Classes Will Go into Effect ». The New York Times, 12 septembre 1954, p. E6.
« Citizens Request Full Integration », The Afro-American, 23 mai 1953, p. 16.
« Colored Group Hits School Budget Cut: Associations Seek Hearing Before Congress Body to Offer Protests ». The Washington Post, 19 février 1932, p. 18.
Cooke, Paul. « The Cost of Segregated Public Schools in the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 18, n° 2, 1949, p. 95-103.
Cooke, Paul. « Safeguards for Negro Teachers in an integrated School system in Washington, D.C. ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 20, n° 4, 1951, p. 588-590.
Cooke, Paul. « Problems of School Integration ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 23, n° 4, 1954, p. 483-486.
Cooke, Paul. « Present status of integration in the public schools of the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 24, n° 3, The Desegregation Decision – One Year Afterward, 1955, p. 205-218.
Cooke, Paul. « Racial Integration in Education in the District of Columbia ». Journal of Negro Education, vol. 25, n° 3, Educational Desegregation, 1956, p. 237-245.
Cooke, Paul. « Desegregated Education in the Middle-South Region: Problems and Issues ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 30, n° 1, 1961, p. 75-79.
« Corning Statement ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 5 octobre 1954, p. 25.
« D.C. Riled Over School Appropriation Cuts, Changes: Washingtonians Hold Meeting, File Protest on Action ». The Atlanta World, 28 février 1932, p. 1.
Dabney, Lillian G. The History of Schools for Negroes in the District of Columbia, 1807-1947. Washington, D.C. : The Catholic University of America Press, 1949.
Deane, James G. « School Opening Runs Smoothly ». The Evening Star, 13 septembre 1954, p. 1, B1.
Deane, James G. « Timetable is Drawn for 15-Month Shift to School Integration ». The Evening Star, 3 juin 1954, p. 1, 4.
Delano, William. « Grade School Segregation: The Latest Attack on Racial Discrimination ». The Yale Law Journal, vol. 61, n° 5, 1952, p. 730-744.
« District of Columbia ». Southern School News, vol. 1, n° 1, 3 septembre 1954, p. 1, 4, 16.
« District of Columbia ». Southern School News, vol. 1, n° 2, 1er octobre 1954, p. 5.
« District of Columbia ». Southern School News, vol. 1, n° 3, 4 novembre 1954, p. 4.
« District Heads Study “Halt-Integration” Suit ». The Afro-American, 11 septembre 1954, p. 8.
Gilbert, Ben. « Home Rule Chances Good in Senate ». The Washington Post, 23 décembre 1951, p. B2.
« Donohue Denounces “The Studied Neglect” of D.C. by Congress ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 4 février 1953, p. 21.
« Going Smoothly, Officials Report ». The Washington Afro-American, 14 septembre 1954, p. 1.
Furman, Bess. « Capital’s Schools Begin Racial Integration Smoothly ». The New York Times, 14 septembre 1954, p. 1.
« ‟Gradual” Integration Plan Scored by NAACP ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 31 mai 1954, p. 15.
Hall, Martha J. « 800 Pupils Stay Home; “Strike” May Go on Today ». The Washington Post, 7 décembre 1951, p. 1.
Hall, Martha J. « Resistance to School Shift Flares ». The Washington Post, 5 février 1952, p. 1.
Hansen, Carl F. Miracle of Social Adjustment: Desegregation in the Washington, D.C. schools. New York : Anti-defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 1960.
Hansen, Carl F. Danger in Washington: The story of my twenty years in the Public Schools in the Nation’s capital. West Nyack, New York : Parker Publishing Company, 1968.
« Ike says schools should mix in 90 days ». The Afro-American, 4 décembre 1954, p. 1.
INSEE (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). « La situation économique des États-Unis en 1954 ». Etudes et conjoncture, n° 4, 1955. p. 283-328.
Kennedy, John F. « Remarks to the trustees and advisory committee of the national cultural center, November 14, 1961 ». Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy. Book 1. Washington, D.C. : Government Publishing Office, 1961.
Kent, Frank R., Jr. « “Separate but Equal” Doctrine is Thrown Out ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 18 mai 1954, p. 1.
Knoll, Erwin. The Truth About Desegregation in Washington's Schools. Annandale : The Turnpike Press, 1959.
Knox, Ellis O. Democracy and the District of Columbia Public Schools: A Study of recently Integrated Public Schools. Washington, D.C. : Judd & Detweiler, 1957.
Lautier, Louis. « Supreme Court Postpones Action in Segregation Suit ». The Atlanta Daily World, 16 décembre 1951, p. 4.
Lyons, Richard L. « Judge Denies Plea to Halt Integration ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 10 septembre 1954, p. 1.
McCluskey, Audrey. « Setting the Standard: Mary Church Terrell’s Last Campaign for Social Justice ». The Black Scholar, vol. 29, n° 2/3, 1999, p. 47-53.
« Murphy at Bridge Stems Pupil Horde ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 5 octobre 1954, p. 25.
« Minister Berates ‘Uncle Tom’ Citizens in Dual School Fight ». The Afro-American, 29 mars 1952, p. 18.
Morton, Mary A. « The Education of Negroes in the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 16, n° 3, 1947, p. 325-339.
Nesbitt, George B. « Non-White Residential Dispersion and Desegregation in the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 25, n° 1, 1956, p. 4-14.
Osborne, Irene. « Toward Racial Integration in the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 23, n° 3, 1954, p. 273-281.
Osborne, Irene. « Desegregation of Washington Schools: The First Sixty Days ». The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 24, n° 1, 1955, p. 78-86.
Osborne, Irene, et Richard K. Bennett. « Eliminating Educational Segregation in the Nation’s Capital-1951-1955 ». Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 304, mars 1956, p. 98-108.
« Parents on Strike ». The Washington Post, 7 décembre 1951, p. 24.
Paull, Joseph. « Suit Filed to End D.C. Segregation in Schools: Rev. S.E. Williams Charges Violation of Constitution by Education Officials ». The Washington Post, 14 juin 1952, p. 13.
« Payne Pupils End Ten-Day Strike Today ». The Washington Post, 16 février 1953, p. 7.
« Pupils Return To Browne as Strike Ends ». The Washington Post, 3 février 1948, p. 1.
Roberts, Chalmers M. « High Court to Consider D.C. School Segregation ». The Washington Post, 10 octobre 1952, p. 1.
Roberts, Chalmers M. « Justices Get D.C. School Segregation ». The Washington Post, 11 novembre 1952, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « School Board Asks Views on Integration ». The Washington Post, 18 décembre 1952, p. 27.
Rogers, Jeanne. « No Quick Integration Seen in D.C. Schools ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 18 mai 1954, p. 4.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Commissioners and School Heads Meet and Adopt Hurry-up Plan: D.C. Speeds up Integration ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 19 mai 1954, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Segregation Splits D.C. School Unit: Education Board Votes 4-3 to Map Own Principles ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 20 mai 1954, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Blueprint would Start Changeover this Fall; Opposed by Mrs. Butcher ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 26 mai 1954, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Timing Issue is Raised in Plan for Integration ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 27 mai 1954, p. 21.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Most of South Stalling on School Ruling ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 1er août 1954, p. B1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Corning Asked Support of Public to make School Race Rule Succeed: Citizens Sue to Block Start of School Integration Sept. 13 ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 1er septembre 1954, p. 24.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Most D.C. Schools Have Integrated Classes ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 16 septembre 1954, p. 18.
Rogers, Jeanne. « High School Student Shift to Be speeded Up in D.C. ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 17 septembre 1954, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « D.C. Lets Its Grade Pupils Transfer to Schools Nearer Their Homes ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 22 septembre 1954, p. 1.
Rogers, Jeanne. « Junior High Students Get D.C. Query on Transfer ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 23 septembre 1954, p. 35.
Rogers, Jeanne et Marie Smith. « Students’ Return Picks Up Momentum ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 8 octobre 1954, p. 25.
« School Board Asks Groups to File Views on Integration ». The Washington Post, 22 janvier 1953, p. 19.
« Segregated School Law Facing Test », The Baltimore Afro-American, 12 avril 1947, p. 1-2.
« Step by Step in Corning’s School Integration Timetable ». The Evening Star, 24 juin 1954, p. 4.
Stevens, Alden. « Washington: Blight on Democracy ». Harper’s Magazine 184, décembre 1941, p. 50, 54.
Strayer, George, dir. The Report of a Survey of The Public Schools of the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C. : US Government Printing Office, 1949.
« Strike Keeps 800 Pupils from Payne Classrooms ». The Washington Post, 3 février 1953, p. 21.
« Success of Integration Here Pleases President ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 24 septembre 1954, p. 1.
« Suit Attacks Segregation in D.C. Schools ». The Washington Post, 10 novembre 1950, p. B1.
« Suit Attacks Segregation in D.C. Schools: Girl’s Father Tells Court Buchanan Is Closer Than Webb ». The Washington Post, 2 février 1952, p. 1.
« Table Gives Enrollment », Southern School News, vol. II, n° 9, mars 1956.
Taylor, Woody. « D. C. School Strike Ends ». The Afro-American, 22 décembre 1951, p. 22.
Taylor, Woody. « Five Schools’ Striking Pupils Trickling Back ». The Afro-American, 16 février 1952, p. 17.
« Text of Integration Policies for Schools ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 23 mai 1954, p. 1.
« Text of Dr. Corning’s Proposal for Desegregation of D.C. Schools ». The Washington Post and Times Herald, 26 mai 1954, p. 17.
« The Scholastic Performances of Negro and White Pupils in the Integrated Public Schools of the District of Columbia ». The Journal of Educational Sociology, vol. 36, n° 6, 1963, p. 287-291.
US Bureau of the Census. 1950 Census of Population, Advance Reports. Series PC-14, n° 1. Washington D.C.: GPO, 16 décembre 1951.
US Bureau of the Census. 1950 Census of Population, vol. 4. Special Reports. Report Number P-E No. 1A. Part 4: Mobility of the Population. State of Birth. Detailed Tables. Table 13. Native population of each division and state by division and state of birth. Washington D.C. : GPO, 1953. www.census.gov/library/publications/1953/dec/population-vol-04.html. Page consultée le 7 mai 2024.
US Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Series Y 308-317, Paid Civilian Employment of the Federal Government: 1816 to 1970. Washington D.C. : GPO, 1975, p. 1002-1003. www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p2-chY.pdf. Page consultée le 4 mai 2024.
US Bureau of the Census. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-1990. Washington D.C. : GPO, 1999. www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/1999/demo/pop-twps0029/table19.xlsx. Page consultée le 4 mai 2024.
US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Wall v. Oyster, 36 App. DC 50. 1910. archive.org/details/dc_circ_1910_2203_wall_v_oyster/page/n7/mode/2up. Page consultée le 7 janvier 2024.
US House of Representatives, Commissioners of the District of Columbia. Report of the Government of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1954. Washington, D. C. : US Government Printing Office, 1955. 84e Congress, 1e Session. H. Doc vol. 12, n° 14, Serial Set 11851.
US Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia. Petition of the National Executive Committee of Colored People Praying That public instruction in the District of Columbia may be given without proscription of any class on account of color. Senate Miscellaneous Documents. n° 130, Serial Set 1408). Washington, D.C. : US Government Printing Office, 1870. 41er Congress, 2e session.
Warren, Earl, et Supreme Court of the United States. U.S. Reports: Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497. 1954. www.loc.gov/item/usrep347497//.
Warren, Earl, et Supreme Court of the United States. U.S. Reports: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483. 1954. www.loc.gov/item/usrep347483/.
« White Girl in Colored School to Fight Transfer by Board », The Evening Star, 3 avril 1947, p. 2.
Sources secondaires
Aucoin, Brent J. « The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation ». The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, vol. 55, n° 2, 1996, p. 173-193.
Belknap, Michal R. Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post-Brown South. Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1987.
Biondi, Martha. To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 2003.
Borchardt, Gregory M. Making D.C. Democracy’s Capital: Local Activism, the ‘Federal State’, and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Washington, D.C., 2005. George Washington University. Thèse de doctorat. Scholar Space, scholarspace.library.gwu.edu/etd/dj52w484n.
Borstelmann, Thomas. The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 2001.
Crooms, Lisa. « Race, Education and the District of Columbia: The Meaning and Legacy of Boiling v. Sharpe ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, 2004/2005, p. 14-22.
Dudziak, Mary-L. Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2000.
Clement, Bell. « Pushback: The White Community's Dissent from “Bolling” ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Brown and Bolling, 2004/2005, p. 86-109.
Curro Cary, Francine, dir. Washington Odyssey: A Multicultural History of the Nation’s Capital. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Books, 1996.
Diner, Steven J. The Governance of Education in the District of Columbia: An Historical Analysis of Current Issues. 1982. Washington D.C. : University of the District of Columbia, Department of Urban Studies, Studies in D.C. History and Public Policy Paper n° 2. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED218375. Page consultée le 4 mai 2024.
Diner, Steven J. Democracy, Federalism and the Governance of the Nation’s Capital, 1790-1974. Washington D.C. : Center for Applied Research and Urban History, 1987.
Diner, Steven J. « Crisis of Confidence: Public Confidence in the Schools of the Nation’s Capital in the Twentieth Century ». Urban Education, vol. 25, n° 1, juillet 1990, p. 112-137.
Dodd, Walter F. The Government of the District of Columbia - A Study in Federal and Municipal Administration, Washington D.C. : John Byrne & Co., 1919.
Garcia, David G., Tara J. Yosso et Ryan E. Santos. « In Pursuit of “Equality of Opportunity”: Ernesto and Karla Galarza Challenge School Segregation, Washington, DC, 1947 ». Journal of American Ethnic History, n° 3, 2022, p. 37-64.
Gilli, Ludivine. La ville de Washington dans l’après-Seconde Guerre mondiale (1945-1955) : une capitale instrumentalisée, enjeu et outil de politique nationale. 2013. Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne, Thèse de doctorat.
Goldfield, David R. Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture 1940 to the Present. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
Gooding, Frederick W., Jr. American Dream Deferred. Black Federal Workers in Washington, D.C., 1941–1981, 2013. Georgetown University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Thèse de doctorat.
Green, Constance M. The Secret City, A History of Race Relations in the Nation’s Capital. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1967.
Guyse, Zachary L. « Alabama’s Original Sin: Property Taxes, Racism, and Constitutional Reform in Alabama ». Alabama Law Review, vol. 65, n° 2, 2013, p. 519-538.
Harrison, Robert. Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Henig, Jeffrey R. « Patterns of School-Level Racial Change in D. C. in the Wake of Brown: Perceptual Legacies of Desegregation ». PS: Political Science and Politics, vol. 30, n°3, 1997, p. 448-453.
Jackson, Kenneth. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York : Oxford University Press, 1987.
Jones, Adam C. The “Desegregation” of the Washington, D.C. Public Schools in Context, 2019. University of Leeds, Mémoire de Master. White Rose eTheses Online, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/26468/. Page consultée le 27 octobre 2024.
Jones, Beverly W. « Before Montgomery and Greensboro: The Desegregation Movement in the District of Columbia, 1950-1953 ». Phylon 43, n°2, 1982, p. 144-154.
Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York : Oxford University Press, 2004.
Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality. 1975. New York : Vintage Books, 2004.
Kruse, Kevin. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2005.
Kruse, Kevin et Stephen Tuck. Fog of war: the Second World War and the civil rights movement. New York : Oxford University Press, 2012.
Lassiter, Matthew D. et Andrew B. Lewis, dir. The Moderates’ Dilemma: Massive Resistance to School Desegregation in Virginia. Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, 1998.
Lassiter, Matthew D. The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2007.
Lassiter, Matthew D. « De Jure/De Facto Segregation: The Long Shadow of a National Myth ». The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism. Dir. Matthew Lassiter et Joseph Crespino. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 25-48.
Liotta, Allison. Community Action toward the Desegregation of the D.C. Public Schools, 1947-1954. 2015. Georgetown University, Mémoire de licence. Georgetown University Institutional Repository, repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/725770. Page consultée le 7 mai 2024.
Malesky, Robert. « Walking the Color Line in 1909 ». Bygone Brookland, 21 mai 2020. bygonebrookland.com/2020/05/21/walking-the-color-line-in-1909/. Page consultée le 7 janvier 2024.
McQuirter, Marya Annette. « “Our Cause Is Marching on”: Parent Activism, Browne Junior High School, and the Multiple Meanings of Equality in Post-War Washington ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, p. 66-82.
Myers Asch, Chris, et George D. Musgrove. Chocolate City: A History of Race and Democracy in the Nation’s Capital. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
Nichols, David A. « “The Showpiece of Our Nation”: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Desegregation of the District of Columbia ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, 2004/2005, p. 44-65.
Novak, Andrew. « The Desegregation of George Washington University and the District of Columbia in Transition, 1946-1954 ». Washington History, vol. 24, n° 1, 2012, p. 22-44.
O’Brien, Gail. The Color of Law: Race, Violence and Justice in the Post–World War II South. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Patterson, James T. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.
Rabin, Robert L. « Lawyers for Social Change: Perspectives on Public Interest Law ». Stanford Law Review, vol. 28, n° 2, jan. 1976, p. 207-261.
Richards, Mark D. « Public School Governance in the District of Columbia: A Timeline ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, 2004/2005, p. 23-25.
Roberts, Chalmers M. The Washington Post: The First 100 Years. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1977.
Roe, Donald. « From Desegregation to Resegregation: The Crisis in the District of Columbia Public School System, 1954-1962 ». Black History Bulletin, vol. 67, n° 1-4, 2004, p. 18-25.
Roe, Donald. « The Dual School System in the District of Columbia, 1862-1954: Origins, Problems, Protests ». Washington History, vol. 16, n° 2, 2004/2005, p. 26-43.
Schultz, Grace. « The NAACP Equalization Strategy and the Dismantling of Segregation in Virginia's Public Schools ». Social Education, vol. 84, n° 6, novembre 2020, p. 348-354.
Sugrue, Thomas J., The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1996.
Swaim, Martha S. Desegregation in the District of Columbia Public Schools, 1971. Howard University, Department of History. Mémoire de master.
Tyack, David, et Robert Lowe. « The Constitutional Moment: Reconstruction and Black Education in the South ». American Journal of Education, vol. 94, n° 2, 1986, p. 236-256.
Walsh, Camille. Racial Taxation: Schools, Segregation, and Taxpayer Citizenship, 1869-1973. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 2018.