Bibliographie
Diaries (archival)
Ghetto Fighters' House, Western Galilee, Israel
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw]
GFH 21899 [Blumenfeld, Warsaw]
Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/39 [Maryłka, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/103 [Grocher, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/161 [Midler, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/228 [NN, Warsaw]
ŻIH 302/229 [Maryłka, Warsaw]
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel
YVA O.33/633 [Rathauserowa, Peczeniżynie]
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków]
YVA O.33/1092 [Okonowski, Warsaw]
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec]
YVA O.33/2535 [Guensberg, Mikulińce]
YVA O.33/9399 [Wulkier, Łosice]
Private archives
Silberman, Leo (Lejzer), transl. by Kristine Belfour, in possession of the author.
Diaries (published)
Applebaum Molly, Buried Words: The Diary of Molly Applebaum, Azrieli Foundation, 2017.
Kramer Clara, Tyleśmy już przeszli: dziennik pisany w bunkrze (Żółkiew 1942-1944) [We have gone through so much: A diary written in the bunker (Żółkiew 1942-1944)], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2017.
Kessler Edmund, The Wartime Diary of Edmund Kessler: Lwow, Poland, 1942-1944, Boston, Academic Studies Press, 2010.
Zimmerman Sosia Gottesfeld, A Mother’s Diary: Surviving the Holocaust in Ukraine 1941-1944, Morgan Hill, CA, Bookstand Publishing, 2015.
Zisman Asher, “The Diary of a Survivor of the Brisk Ghetto, R. Asher Zisman of Antwerp", The Life and Times of Maran Hagaon HaRav Yitzchok Ze’ev Halevi Soloveitchik, Jerusalem; New York, Feldheim Publishers, 2007, pp. 551‑516.
Literature
Aleksiun Natalia, “Gender and the Daily Lives of Jews in Hiding in Eastern Galicia”, Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies & Gender Issues, no. 27, 2014, pp. 38‑61.
Aleksiun Natalia, “Daily Survival. Social History of Jews in Family Bunkers in Eastern Galicia”, Lessons & Legacies, no. 12, 2017, pp. 304‑331.
Arad Yitzhak, “Jewish Family Camps in the Forests: An Original Means of Rescue”, Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, 1977, pp. 333‑353.
Bańkowska Aleksandra, Las jako miejsce przetrwania Zagłady. Zjawisko ukrywania się Żydów w lasach w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1941-1945 na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej [The forest as a place of Holocaust survival. The phenomenon of Jews hiding in forests during the German occupation in the years 1941-1945 on the territory of the Second Republic of Poland], M.A. Thesis, Warsaw, University of Warsaw, 2006.
Bauer Yehuda, The Death of the Shtetl, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2010.
Berg Richard E., “Sound”, Encyclopedia Britannica (https://www.britannica.com/science/sound-physics, consulted on 01 August 2019).
Birdsall Carolyn, “Sound Memory: A Critical Concept for Researching Memories of Conflict and War”, Memory, place and identity: commemoration and remembrance of war and conflict, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016, pp. 111‑129.
Birdsall Carolyn, Nazi Soundscapes: Sound, Technology and Urban Space in Germany, 1933-1945, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2012.
Blesser Barry, “Aural architecture: The missing link”, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 124, no. 4, 2008, pp. 124; 252.
Brauer Juliane, “How Can Music Be Torturous?: Music in Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps”, Music and Politics, vol. 10, no. 1, 2016. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mp.9460447.0010.103
Chion Michel, Sound: An Acoulogical Treatise, Durham, Duke University Press Books, 2016.
Cobel-Tokarska Marta, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave: Wartime Hiding Places of Jews in Occupied Poland, Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien, Peter Lang, 2018.
Cole Tim, Holocaust Landscapes, London; Oxford; New York; New Delhi; Sydney, Bloomsbury Continuum, 2016.
Corbin Alain, Village Bells: Sound and Meaning in the Nineteenth-century French Countryside, London, Papermac, 1999.
Daughtry J. Martin, Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma and Survival in Wartime Iraq, New York, Oxford University Press, 2015.
Dreifuss (Ben-Sasson) Havi, “‘Hell Has Risen to the Surface of the Earth’: An Anonymous Woman’s Diary from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising”, Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2008, pp. 13‑43.
Engelking, Barbara; Grabowski, Jan, Dalej jest noc: Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski [Beyond there is night: The fate of Jews in selected districts of occupied Poland], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2018.
Engelking, Barbara; Grabowski, Jan; Persak, Krzysztof, Zarys krajobrazu: wieś polska wobec zagłady Żydów 1942-1945 [An outline of the landscape: The Polish countryside in the face of the extermination of Jews 1942-1945], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011.
Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2009.
Engelking Barbara; Libionka Dariusz, Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie [Jews in the Warsaw Uprising], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2009.
Garbarini Alexandra, Numbered Days: Diaries and the Holocaust, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006.
Gerlach Christian, “Echoes of Persecution: Sounds in Early Post-Liberation Jewish Memories”, Holocaust Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1‑25.
Grabowski Jan, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 2013.
Grynberg Michał, “Bunkry i schrony w warszawskim getcie [Bunkers and hideouts in the Warsaw ghetto]”, Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Polsce, vol. 3, no. 149, 1989, pp. 53‑64.
Grzemska Aleksandra, “Odmierzanie pamięci [Measuring memory]”, Autobiografia. Literatura. Kultura. Media, vol. 2, no. 3, 2014, pp. 151‑164.
Gutman Israel, Fighters Among the Ruins: The Story of Jewish Heroism During World War II, Tel Aviv; Washington, D.C, Bnai Brith Books, 1988.
Jacobs Annelies, “The Silence of Amsterdam before and during World War II: Ecology, Semiotics and Politics of Urban Sound”, Morat Daniel, Sounds of Modern History. Auditory Cultures in 19th and 20th Century Europe, New York, Berghahn Books, 2014, pp. 305‑325.
Jacobs Annelies; Bijsterveld Karin, “Der Klang der Besatzungszeit: Amsterdam 1940 bis 1945”, Paul Gerhard; Schock Ralf, Sound des Jahrhunderts: Geräusche, Töne, Stimmen – 1889 bis heute, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2014, pp. 254‑261.
Kagen Melissa, “Controlling Sound: Musical Torture from the Shoah to Guantánamo”, The Appendix, vol. 3, no. 1, 2013 (http://theappendix.net/issues/2013/7/controlling-sound-musical-torture-from-the-shoah-to-guantanamo, consulted on 01 August 2019)
Koprowska Karolina, Postronni?: Zagłada w relacjach chłopskich świadków [Bystanders?: The Holocaust in peasant witness accounts], Kraków, TAiWPN Universitas Kraków, 2018.
Kövecses Zoltán, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, New York, NY, Oxford Univ. Press, 2010.
Kuczok Marcin, “Metaphorical conceptualizations of death and dying in American English and Polish: a corpus-based contrastive study”, Linguistica Silesiana, no. 37, 2016, pp. 125‑142.
LaBelle Brandon, “Other Acoustics”, Immersed Sound and Architecture, no. 78, 2009, pp. 14‑18.
Laqueur Thomas W, The Work of the Dead. A Cultural History of Mortal Remains, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2015.
Leociak Jacek, Ratowanie: Opowiesci Polakow i Żydow [Rescue: Accounts by Poles and Jews], Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2010.
Leociak Jacek, “Wizerunek Polaków w zapisach Żydów z dystryktu warszawskiego [The image of Poles in the writings of Jews from the Warsaw district]”, Prowincja noc: życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie warszawskim [Province Night: Life and extermination of the Polish Jews in the Warsaw district], Warszawa, IFiS PAN, 2007, pp. 321‑372.
Leociak Jacek, Texts in the Face of Destruction: Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto Reconsidered, Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2004.
Melchior Małgorzata, “Uciekinierzy z gett po „stronie aryjskiej“ na prowincji dystryktu warszawskiego – sposoby przetrwania [fugitives from the ghettos on the ‘Aryan side’ in the provincial part of the Warsaw district – ways of survival]”, Prowincja noc: życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie warszawskim [Province Night: Life and extermination of the Polish Jews in the Warsaw district], Warszawa, Wydawn. IFiS PAN, 2007, pp. 344‑372.
Merin Yehuda; Porter Jack Nusan, “Three Jewish Family-Camps in the Forests of Volyn, Ukraine during the Holocaust”, Jewish Social Studies, vol. 46, no. 1, 1984, pp. 83‑92.
Mills Steve, Auditory Archaeology: Understanding Sound and Hearing in the Past, London; New York, Routledge, 2016.
Missfelder Jan-Friedrich, “Period Ear: Perspektiven einer Klanggeschichte der Neuzeit”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, vol. 38, no. 1, 2012, pp. 21‑47.
Missfelder Jan-Friedrich, “Der Klang der Geschichte: Begriffe, Traditionen und Methoden der Sound History”, Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, vol. 66, no. 11/12, 2015, pp. 633‑649.
Müller Jürgen, “The Sound of History and Acoustic Memory: Where Psychology and History Converge”, Culture & Psychology, vol. 18, no. 4, 2012, pp. 443‑464.
Najder Marceli, Rewanż [Revenge], Warszawa, Ośrodek Karta, 2013.
Nalewajko-Kulikov Joanna, Strategie przetrwania: żydzi po aryjskiej stronie Warszawy [Strategies of survival: Jews on the Aryan side of Warsaw], Warszawa, Neriton, 2004.
Paulsson Gunnar S., “Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography”, Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, New York, Palgrave, 2001. pp. 302‑318.
Paulsson Gunnar S., Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002.
Pocock Douglas, “Sound and the Geographer”, Geography, vol. 74, no. 3, 1989, pp. 193‑200.
Pohl Dieter, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens, München, Walter de Gruyter, 1997.
Reichelt Katrin, Rettung kennt keine Konventionen: Hilfe für verfolgte Juden im deutsch besetzten Lettland 1941-1945, Lukas Verlag, 2016.
Ringelblum Emanuel, Pisma Emanuela Ringelbluma z getta [Emanuel Ringelblum’s writing from the ghetto], Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, 2018.
Ringelblum Emanuel, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, New York; Enfield, Ibooks, 2006.
Ringelblum Emanuel, Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War, Evanston, Ill, Northwestern University Press, 1992.
Rodaway Paul, Sensuous Geographies: Body, Sense, and Place, London, Routledge, 1994.
Schulze Holger, “The Sonic Persona: An Anthropology of Sound”, Exploring the Senses: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity, Milton, Taylor and Francis 2015, pp. 164‑175.
Smith Bruce R., The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor, Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Smith Mark M., Listening to Nineteenth-century America, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Smith Mark M., Sensory History, Oxford, New York, Berg, 2007.
Smith Mark M., “Producing Sense, Consuming Sense, Making Sense: Perils and Prospects for Sensory History”, Journal of Social History, vol. 40, no. 4, 2007, pp. 841‑858.
Snyder Saskia Coenen, “An Urban Semiotics of War: Signs and Sounds in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam”, Place in Modern Jewish Culture and Society, Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 56‑77.
Stanyek Jason; Piekut Benjamin, “Deadness: Technologies of the Intermundane”, TDR/The Drama Review, vol. 54, no. 1, 2010, pp. 14‑38.
Sterne Jonathan, The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction, Durham; London, Duke University Press, 2003.
Świerzowska Agata; Klimczyk Wojciech, Music and Genocide, Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien, Peter Lang, 2015.
Sykes Jim, “Ontologies of acoustic endurance: rethinking wartime sound and listening”, Sound Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, pp. 35-60.
Tańczuk Renata; Wieczorek Sławomir, Sounds of War and Peace: Soundscapes of European Cities in 1945, Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien, Peter Lang, 2018.
Taylor Richard P., “Eresh”, Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 97.
Taylor Richard P., “Sheol”, Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 322.
Thompson Emily Ann, The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America, 1900-1933, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 2004.
USHMM, “Bibliographies: Music”, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018 (https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/music, consulted on 04 August 2019).
Weiner Weber Suzanne, Life and Death in the Forest: Landscape Agency During the Holocaust, Miami, Florida, Florida International University, 2007.
Weiner Weber Suzanne, “The Forest as a Liminal Space: A Transformation of Culture and Norms during the Holocaust”, Holocaust Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, 2008, pp. 35‑60.
Weiner Weber Suzanne, “Shedding City Life: Survival Mechanisms of Forest Fugitives during the Holocaust”, Holocaust Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1‑28.
Zohar Eran, “Jewish Subterranean Operations in Major East European Ghettos”, Holocaust Studies, 2018, pp. 1‑37.
Haut de page
Notes
Landmark studies include Alain Corbin’s work on the role of bells in 19th-century France (Corbin Alain, Village Bells: Sound and Meaning in the Nineteenth-century French Countryside, London, Papermac, 1999); Bruce R. Smith’s reconstruction of the sound-worlds and their meanings for Shakespeare’s contemporaries in England (Smith Bruce R., The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor, Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press, 1994); and Mark M. Smith’s study on politicized sound environments in antebellum America (Smith Mark M., Listening to Nineteenth-century America, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2001); as well as the important works by Jonathan Sterne (Sterne Jonathan, The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction, Durham; London, Duke University Press, 2003) and Emily Thompson (Thompson Emily Ann, The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America, 1900-1933, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 2004) on the impact of sound technology in the 20th century. For synopsis see Smith Mark M., Sensory History, Oxford, New York, Berg, 2007, pp. 41–58; Mills Steve, Auditory Archaeology: Understanding Sound and Hearing in the Past, London; New York, Routledge, 2016, pp. 48–51.
On the limitations and promises of this approach, see e.g. Smith Mark M., "Producing Sense, Consuming Sense, Making Sense: Perils and Prospects for Sensory History", Journal of Social History, vol. 40, no. 4, 2007, pp. 841‑858; Müller Jürgen, "The Sound of History and Acoustic Memory: Where Psychology and History Converge", Culture & Psychology, vol. 18, no. 4, 2012, pp. 443‑464; as well as Missfelder Jan-Friedrich, "Period Ear: Perspektiven einer Klanggeschichte der Neuzeit", Geschichte und Gesellschaft, vol. 38, no. 1, 2012, pp. 21‑47 and Missfelder Jan-Friedrich, "Der Klang der Geschichte: Begriffe, Traditionen und Methoden der Sound History", Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, vol. 66, no. 11/12, 2015, pp. 633‑649.
Birdsall Carolyn, Nazi Soundscapes: Sound, Technology and Urban Space in Germany, 1933-1945, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2012.
Jacobs Annelies, "The Silence of Amsterdam before and during World War II: Ecology, Semiotics and Politics of Urban Sound"; Morat Daniel, Sounds of Modern History. Auditory Cultures in 19th and 20th Century Europe, New York, Berghahn Books, 2014, pp. 305‑325; Jacobs Annelies; Bijsterveld Karin, "Der Klang der Besatzungszeit: Amsterdam 1940 bis 1945", Paul Gerhard; Schock Ralf, Sound des Jahrhunderts: Geräusche, Töne, Stimmen – 1889 bis heute, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2014, pp. 254‑261; Snyder Saskia Coenen, "An Urban Semiotics of War: Signs and Sounds in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam", Place in Modern Jewish Culture and Society, Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 56‑77; Tańczuk, Renata; Wieczorek, Sławomir, Sounds of War and Peace: Soundscapes of European Cities in 1945, Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien, Peter Lang, 2018.
USHMM, "Bibliographies: Music", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2018 (https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/music, consulted on 04 August 2019). Further important studies include: Kagen Melissa, "Controlling Sound: Musical Torture from the Shoah to Guantánamo", The Appendix, vol. 3, no. 1, 2013 (http://theappendix.net/issues/2013/7/controlling-sound-musical-torture-from-the-shoah-to-guantanamo, consulted on 01 August 2019); Świerzowska Agata; Klimczyk Wojciech, Music and Genocide, Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien, Peter Lang, 2015; Brauer Juliane, “How Can Music Be Torturous?: Music in Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps”, Music and Politics, vol. 10, no. 1, 2016 (DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mp.9460447.0010.103).
Carolyn Birdsall provides a sophisticated analysis of themes occurring in narrative interviews of air raids, albeit for German civilians: Birdsall Carolyn, "Sound Memory: A Critical Concept for Researching Memories of Conflict and War", Memory, place and identity: commemoration and remembrance of war and conflict, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016, pp. 111‑129.
Gerlach Christian, “Echoes of Persecution: Sounds in Early Post-Liberation Jewish Memories”, Holocaust Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1‑25.
Paulsson Gunnar S., "Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography", Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, New York, Palgrave, 2001. pp. 302‑318.
Paulsson Gunnar S., Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002.
Ringelblum Emanuel, Pisma Emanuela Ringelbluma z getta [Emanuel Ringelblum’s writing from the ghetto], Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, 2018. Part. Engl. transl.: Ringelblum Emanuel, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, New York; Enfield, Ibooks, 2006.
Grynberg Michał, "Bunkry i schrony w warszawskim getcie [Bunkers and hideouts in the Warsaw ghetto]", Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Polsce, vol. 3, no. 149, 1989, pp. 53‑64; Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2009; Zohar Eran, "Jewish Subterranean Operations in Major East European Ghettos", Holocaust Studies, 2018, pp. 1‑37.
Nalewajko-Kulikov Joanna, Strategie przetrwania: żydzi po aryjskiej stronie Warszawy [Strategies of survival: Jews on the Aryan side of Warsaw], Warszawa, Neriton, 2004; Paulsson, Secret City.
Melchior Małgorzata, "Uciekinierzy z gett po „stronie aryjskiej“ na prowincji dystryktu warszawskiego – sposoby przetrwania [fugitives from the ghettos on the ‘Aryan side’ in the provincial part of the Warsaw district – ways of survival]", Prowincja noc: życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie warszawskim [Province Night: Life and extermination of the Polish Jews in the Warsaw district], Warszawa, Wydawn. IFiS PAN, 2007, pp. 344‑372; Aleksiun Natalia, "Gender and the Daily Lives of Jews in Hiding in Eastern Galicia", Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies & Gender Issues, no. 27, 2014, pp. 38‑61; Aleksiun Natalia, "Daily Survival. Social History of Jews in Family Bunkers in Eastern Galicia", Lessons & Legacies, no. 12, 2017, pp. 304‑331; Cobel-Tokarska Marta, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave: Wartime Hiding Places of Jews in Occupied Poland, Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Warszawa; Wien, Peter Lang, 2018.
Leociak Jacek, Ratowanie: Opowiesci Polakow i Żydow [Rescue: Accounts by Poles and Jews], Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2010; Engelking, Barbara; Grabowski, Jan; Persak, Krzysztof, Zarys krajobrazu: wieś polska wobec zagłady Żydów 1942-1945 [An outline of the landscape: The Polish countryside in the face of the extermination of Jews 1942-1945], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2011; Grabowski Jan, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 2013; Engelking, Barbara; Grabowski, Jan, Dalej jest noc: Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski [Beyond there is night: The fate of Jews in selected districts of occupied Poland], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2018; Koprowska Karolina, Postronni?: Zagłada w relacjach chłopskich świadków [Bystanders?: The Holocaust in peasant witness accounts], Kraków, TAiWPN Universitas Kraków, 2018.
For more on this mode of survival, see: Arad Yitzhak, "Jewish Family Camps in the Forests: An Original Means of Rescue", Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, 1977, pp. 333‑353; Merin Yehuda; Porter Jack Nusan, "Three Jewish Family-Camps in the Forests of Volyn, Ukraine during the Holocaust", Jewish Social Studies, vol. 46, no. 1, 1984, pp. 83‑92; Bańkowska Aleksandra, Las jako miejsce przetrwania Zagłady. Zjawisko ukrywania się Żydów w lasach w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1941-1945 na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej [The forest as a place of Holocaust survival. The phenomenon of Jews hiding in forests during the German occupation in the years 1941-1945 on the territory of the Second Republic of Poland], M.A. Thesis, Warsaw, University of Warsaw, 2006; Weiner Weber Suzanne, Life and Death in the Forest: Landscape Agency During the Holocaust, Miami, Florida, Florida International University, 2007; Weiner Weber Suzanne, "The Forest as a Liminal Space: A Transformation of Culture and Norms during the Holocaust", Holocaust Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, 2008, pp. 35‑60; Weiner Weber Suzanne, "Shedding City Life: Survival Mechanisms of Forest Fugitives during the Holocaust", Holocaust Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1‑28.
Representations of sounds can vary significantly between languages: Chion Michel, Sound: An Acoulogical Treatise, Durham, Duke University Press Books, 2016.
Sykes Jim, “Ontologies of acoustic endurance: rethinking wartime sound and listening”, Sound Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, pp. 35-60, here 37-38.
Sykes, “Ontologies of acoustic endurance”, p. 40.
Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto, pp. 698-748.
Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, p. 55.
Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto, pp. 796–799.
Ringelblum Emanuel, Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War, Evanston, Ill, Northwestern University Press, 1992.
Zohar, “Jewish Subterranean Operations”, pp. 6; 19 ff.
Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto, p. 782; for more on the network: Grynberg, "Bunkry i schrony”; Paulsson, Secret City.
Zohar, “Jewish Subterranean Operations”, p. 19 ff.
Nalewajko-Kulikov, Strategie przetrwania, pp. 36–39; see also Engelking Barbara; Libionka Dariusz, Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie [Jews in the Warsaw Uprising], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2009.
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw]. Havi Ben-Sasson describes it as the only known diary written under the ghetto during the uprising: Dreifuss (Ben-Sasson) Havi, "“Hell Has Risen to the Surface of the Earth”: An Anonymous Woman’s Diary from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2008, pp. 13‑43, here 7. We can add to this another diary written underground by a woman who worked at the Többens textile factory. It ends after the start of the fighting with an entry dated April 27, 1943: ŻIH 302/229 [Maryłka, Warsaw] and ŻIH 302/39 [Maryłka, Warsaw]. With less reliable self-dating, another diary fragment written in a bunker under Zamenhof street appears to report on the ghetto uprising while it is happening: ŻIH 302/228 [NN, Warsaw].
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 3 (dated Apr 27, 1943); p. 4 (dated Apr 30, 1943); p. 9 (dated May 10, 1943).
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 1 (dated Apr 24, 1943); p. 8 (dated May 10, 1943).
ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw]; Zisman Asher, “The Diary of a Survivor of the Brisk Ghetto, R. Asher Zisman of Antwerp", The Life and Times of Maran Hagaon HaRav Yitzchok Ze’ev Halevi Soloveitchik, Jerusalem; New York, Feldheim Publishers, 2007, pp. 551‑516, here 559 (dated October 15, 1942); see Aleksiun, "Daily Survival”, p. 307.
Pohl Dieter, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens, München, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, p. 44.
Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung, p. 363; see Aleksiun, "Daily Survival”, p. 306 f.
Pohl, Ibid.
Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, p. 86. A concise description is given by Jacek Leociak, who writes of the countryside east of Warsaw : “The topography of the village lacks the elements of the urban scenery. Cobblestones, pavements, tenement houses locking in the perspective of the street, all this changes into the open space of fields and forests, crossed by bands of roads.” Leociak Jacek, "Wizerunek Polaków w zapisach Żydów z dystryktu warszawskiego [The image of Poles in the writings of Jews from the Warsaw district]", Prowincja noc: życie i zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie warszawskim [Province Night: Life and extermination of the Polish Jews in the Warsaw district], Warszawa, IFiS PAN, 2007, pp. 321‑372, here 395.
Zohar, “Jewish Subterranean Operations”, p. 7.
Cole Tim, Holocaust Landscapes, London; Oxford; New York; New Delhi; Sydney, Bloomsbury Continuum, 2016, p. 51.
Engelking; Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto, pp. 737-739. While the boundaries of urban centers thus presented a definite psychological and organizational barrier for many Jews, the impact and danger of unfamiliar surroundings can be seen also in instances where Jews returned to the ghetto after seeking shelter within the city: ŻIH 302/229 [Maryłka, Warsaw], pp. 2-3 (dated April 1, 1943).
YVA O.33/9399 [Wulkier, Łosice], p. 14 (dated May 1, 1943).
Bauer Yehuda, The Death of the Shtetl, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2010, pp. 79; 155.
Najder Marceli, Rewanż [Revenge], Warszawa, Ośrodek Karta, 2013 (no exact date).
YVA O.33/9399 [Wulkier, Łosice], p. 14 (dated May 1, 1943).
Applebaum Molly, Buried Words: The Diary of Molly Applebaum, Azrieli Foundation, 2017.
YVA O.33/633 [Rathauserowa, Peczeniżynie], p. 16 (undated, approx. early November 1942).
YVA O.33/633 [Rathauserowa, Peczeniżynie], p. 16 (undated, approx. early November 1942), p. 18 (dated December 10, 1942).
Silberman, undated. Manuscript courtesy of Alexandra Zapruder.
YVA O.33/633 [Rathauserowa, Peczeniżynie], p. 16 (undated, approx. early November 1942).
Ibid.
Silberman, undated.
Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, pp. 58; 67.
Engelking Barbara; Leociak Jacek, The Warsaw Ghetto, pp. 788, 796–799; Gutman Israel, Fighters Among the Ruins: The Story of Jewish Heroism During World War II, Tel Aviv; Washington, D.C, Bnai Brith Books, 1988, pp. 53–57, 91–113.
ŻIH 302/39 [Maryłka, Warsaw], pp. 327; 332.
ŻIH 302/39 [Maryłka, Warsaw].
ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw], p. 9 (undated); ŻIH 302/161 [Midler, Warsaw], pp. 5-6; ŻIH 302/103 [Grocher, Warsaw], passim; GFH 21899 [Blumenfeld, Warsaw], passim.
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 5 (dated May 2, 1943).
Thus, Warsaw diarist Dawid Fogelman adapts a canalization pipe: ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw], pp. 44-45 (undated); see ŻIH 302/228 [NN, Warsaw], p. 4 (dated May [real date poss. April] 18, 1943); GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 5 (dated May 2, 1943).
ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw], pp: 45; 46 (undated); ŻIH 302/161 [Midler, Warsaw], p. 5 (dated December 2, 1944). The shelters in the Warsaw ghetto also possessed something akin to a mutual welfare system for food, see Dreifuss (Ben-Sasson), “Hell Has Risen”, p. 28 fn. 62.
For a typology of assisted hiding places as “under the same roof” and “at a distance”, see Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, pp. 75-84.
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 18 (dated August 5, 1943).
Najder, Rewanż (dated April 21, 1943); YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 18 (dated August 5, 1943). Depending on the number of people, air availability also became a problem in Warsaw, see ŻIH 302/39 [Maryłka, Warsaw], p. 23 (dated April 20, 1943).
First name unknown. YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 72 (amb. dating, 1942).
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], pp. 84-85 (dated July 14, 1943).
YVA O.33/2535 [Guensberg, Mikulińce], p. 15 (dated June 3, 1943).
Stanyek Jason; Piekut Benjamin, "Deadness: Technologies of the Intermundane", TDR/The Drama Review, vol. 54, no. 1, 2010, pp. 14‑38, here 19-20. This application to war-time audition is indebted to: Daughtry J. Martin, Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma and Survival in Wartime Iraq, New York, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 203 ff.
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 43 (dated September 22, 1943).
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 77 (dated “June 22 to July 3 [1942]”).
Silberman, undated.
ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw], undated.
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 43 (dated July 14, 1943); Najder, Rewanż (dated August 5, 1943); for more on Najder’s situation, see Grzemska Aleksandra, "Odmierzanie pamięci [Measuring memory]", Autobiografia. Literatura. Kultura. Media, vol. 2, no. 3, 2014, pp. 151‑164.
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 7 (dated May 10, 1943).
Najder, Rewanż (dated August 3, 1943); see also YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 73 (amb. dating, 1942); see ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw], p. 34 (but with unclear location).
Najder, Rewanż (dated April 20-21, 1943); YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 73 (amb. dating, 1942).
Najder, Rewanż (dated August 3, 1943).
Najder, Rewanż (dated April 23, 1943).
See e.g. the diary of Sosia Zimmerman, who hid in various attics: Zimmerman Sosia Gottesfeld, A Mother’s Diary: Surviving the Holocaust in Ukraine 1941-1944, Morgan Hill, CA, Bookstand Publishing, 2015.
e.g. Najder, Rewanż (dated August 18, 1943).
ŻIH 302/103 [Grocher, Warsaw], p. 7 (dated 19 October, 1944); p. 14 (dated 17 November, 1944).
Applebaum Molly, Buried Words: The Diary of Molly Applebaum, Azrieli Foundation, 2017 (dated November 1943).
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 10 (undated). For more on “newspaper reading” as a practice in hiding, see Garbarini Alexandra, Numbered Days: Diaries and the Holocaust, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006, pp. 58–94. For similar “discussion culture”, see Kessler Edmund, The Wartime Diary of Edmund Kessler: Lwow, Poland, 1942-1944, Boston, Academic Studies Press, 2010.
Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, pp. 119; 186.
Blesser Barry, "Aural architecture: The missing link.", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 124, no. 4, 2008, pp. 124; 252.
Cobel-Tokarska, Desert Island, Burrow, Grave, pp. 151–203.
Ibid.
YVA O.33/1092 [Okonowski, Warsaw], undated.
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], pp. 8-9 (dated May 10, 1943).
Najder, Rewanż (dated August 12, 1943).
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], pp. 5-6 (dated May 2, 1943).
GFH 6045 [NN, Warsaw], p. 4 (dated April 30, 1943).
ŻIH 302/229 [Maryłka, Warsaw], pp. 318-319 (dated April 20, 1943).
ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw], p. 47 (undated).
Applebaum, Buried Words, p. 20 (dated April 7, 1943).
Leociak Jacek, Texts in the Face of Destruction: Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto Reconsidered, Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2004, p. 179.
Ibid.
Kövecses Zoltán, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, New York, NY, Oxford Univ. Press, 2010, pp. 82–88.
YVA O.33/9399 [Wulkier, Łosice], p. 14 (dated May 1, 1943).
Ibid.
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 14 (dated August 2, 1943).
Taylor Richard P., "Eresh", Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 97.
Rodaway Paul, Sensuous Geographies: Body, Sense, and Place, London, Routledge, 1994, pp. 91–92.
ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw], p. 11 (undated); see p. 13 (undated): “We hear the steps of the thugs walking right here above our heads. […] Suddenly, from the direction of the backyard…”.
GFH 21899 [Blumenfeld, Warsaw], p. 5 (dated August 10, 1944).
e.g. YVA O.33/2535 [Guensberg, Mikulińce], pp. 15; 17 (dated June 3, 1943).
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 104 (undated).
ŻIH 302/161 [Midler, Warsaw], p. 1 (dated November 16, 1944).
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 92 (undated); ŻIH 302/25 [Fogelman, Warsaw], p. 52 (amb. dating, before December 15,1944); see nervous waiting for it, YVA O.33/2535 [Guensberg, Mikulińce], p. 41 (dated November 15, 1943).
Kramer Clara, Tyleśmy już przeszli: dziennik pisany w bunkrze (Żółkiew 1942-1944) [We have gone through so much: A diary written in the bunker (Żółkiew 1942-1944)], Warszawa, Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, 2017, p. 99 (dated March 27, 1944).
Najder, Rewanż (dated August 5, 1943).
YVA O.33/1099 [Landsberg, Krzemieniec], p. 116 (dated November 21, 1943).
Ibid., p. 120 (dated November 25, 1943).
Ibid., p. 118 (dated November 21, 1943).
YVA O.33/774 [Holländer, Czortków], p. 91 (undated).
Kramer, Tyleśmy już przeszli, p. 79 (dated February 27, 1944).
ŻIH 302/180 [Stella, Warsaw], p. 35 (undated).
Berg Richard E., "Sound", Encyclopedia Britannica (https://www.britannica.com/science/sound-physics, consulted on 01 August 2019).
LaBelle Brandon, "Other Acoustics", Immersed Sound and Architecture, no. 78, 2009, pp. 14‑18, here 16.
Ibid.
Schulze Holger, "The Sonic Persona: An Anthropology of Sound", Exploring the Senses: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity, Milton, Taylor and Francis 2015, pp. 164‑175, here 165.
Pocock Douglas, "Sound and the Geographer", Geography, vol. 74, no. 3, 1989, pp. 193‑200, 196.
Kuczok Marcin, "Metaphorical conceptualizations of death and dying in American English and Polish: a corpus-based contrastive study", Linguistica Silesiana, no. 37, 2016, p. 125‑142.
Laqueur Thomas W, The Work of the Dead. A Cultural History of Mortal Remains, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2015, p. 140.
Taylor Richard P., "Sheol", Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 322.
Thus, for instance, Carolyn Birdsall, examining interviews with German civilians in World War II, outlined themes of risk and endurance, as well as the connection the interviewees made between the intensity and regularity of the sounds and the perception of one’s “enduring” self, see Birdsall, “Sound Memory”, p. 122 ff.
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