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Haut de page
Notes
Lennon Charlotte, “‘You Can’t Fight for Freedom if You Don’t Have Enough Bacon Inside of You’: A Feminist Analysis of the Gendered Spatialization of the 2022 Ottawa Freedom Protest,” MA thesis, Carleton University, 2023.
Public Order Emergency Commission (POEC), Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, Volume 2, Hon. Paul S. Rouleau, Ottawa, February 2023, p. 194.
Li et al. v Barber et al., [2022] ONSC 2662. https://publicorderemergencycommission.ca/files/exhibits/JCF00000097.pdf?t=1668552167, accessed October 2024.
Ottawa People’s Commission (OPC), Reports of the Ottawa People’s Commission, Part I: What We Heard, Ottawa, 30 January 2023, p. 55-56.
The Algonquins of Pikawakanagan, The Algonquins Anishinabeg Nation Tribal Council, and Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, “Press Release,” 2 February 2022.
Steinke Nathan, “Truckers’ Convoy the Woodstock of Our Time,” Edmonton Journal, 28 January 2022, https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/opinion-truckers-convoy-the-woodstock-of-our-time, accessed February 2025.
King Adam D. K., “The Trucker Convoy is Not a Workers’ Revolt,” The Maple, 4 February 2022, https://www.readthemaple.com/the-trucker-convoy-is-not-a-workers-revolt/, accessed February 2025.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 184-89; p. 196-97; OPC, Reports of the Ottawa People’s Commission, Part I: What We Heard, p. 3-54.
OPC, Reports of the Ottawa People’s Commission, Part I: What We Heard, p. 6.
Daggett Cara, “Petro-masculinity: Fossil Fuels and Authoritarian Desire,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 47, no. 1, 2018, p. 24-44.
Ibid., p. 27.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1-5, Hon. Paul S. Rouleau, Ottawa, February 2023.
OPC, Reports of the Ottawa People’s Commission, Ottawa, 2023.
Government of Alberta, “Oil Sands Facts and Statistics,” https://www.alberta.ca/oil-sands-facts-and-statistics#:~:text=Reserves%20and%20production&text=Alberta's%20oil%20sands'%20proven%20reserves,AER%20ST39%20and%20ST53%20reports, accessed November 2024.
Barney Darin, “Who We Are and What We Do: Canada as a Pipeline Nation,” in Wilson Sheena, Carlson Adam and Szeman Imre, Petrocultures: Oil, Politics, Culture, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017, p. 78-119.
Charland Maurice, “Technological Nationalism,” Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, vol. 10, no. 1-2, 1988.
Nikiforuk Andrew, Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent, Vancouver, BC, Greystone Books, 2008.
Leahy Stephen, “This is the World’s Most Destructive Oil Operation–And It’s Growing,” National Geographic, 11 April 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/alberta-canadas-tar-sands-is-growing-but-indigenous-people-fight-back, accessed October 2024; see also, “Over 100 Leading Scientists Call For Moratorium on New Oil Sands Development,” 2 June 2015, https://www.oilsandsmoratorium.org/pr/, accessed February 2025.
Levant Ezra, Ethical Oil: The Case for the Canadian Oil Sands, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 2010. Levant is the owner and founder of the far-right media website Rebel News (https://www.rebelnews.com/, accessed July 2025).
Kinder Jordan B., Petroturfing: Refining Canadian Oil Through Social Media, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2024.
Levant Ezra, Ethical Oil, p. 14.
Mitchell Timothy, Carbon Democracy: Economy and Society, vol. 38, no. 3, August 2009, p. 399-432.
Kinder Jordan B., Petroturfing, p. 4-5.
Ibid., p. 2.
Daggett Cara, “Petro-masculinity,” p. 41.
Guenther Lisa, “#AbolishCanada: Breaking Down the 2022 Freedom Convoy,” South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 122, no. 3, 2023, p. 651-659; McLaren Patrick, “Some Thoughts on Canada’s ‘Freedom Convoy’ and the Settler Colonial State,” Educational Philosophy and Theory, vol. 54, no. 7, 2022, p. 867-870.
Yun Tom, “Donald Trump Voices Support for Truckers Convoy Protest in Ottawa”, CTV News, January 29, 2022, https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/donald-trump-voices-support-for-truckers-convoy-protest-in-ottawa/, accessed March 2025.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1, p. 101-103.
Subramanya Rupa, “What the Truckers Want”, The Free Press, February 10, 2022, https://www.thefp.com/p/what-the-truckers-want?hide_intro_popup=true, accessed May 2025.
Thobani Sunera, Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 4.
Mackey Eva, House of Difference: Cultural Politics and National Identity in Canada, London, Routledge, 1999, p. 14-35.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 201-204.
Simpson Leanne, As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom Through Radical Resistance, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 2017.
Tewksbury Doug, “Petro-Nostalgia and the Politics of the Yellow Vests in Canada”, Canadian Journal of Communication, vol. 46, no. 4, 2021, p. 939-959.
Kinder Jordan B., Petroturfing, p. 189-190.
Bergem Ingeborg Misje, “Leaving the Discursive Definition of Populist Social Movements: The Case of the Yellow Vest Movement”, Political Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, 2022, p. 1208-1225; De Cillia Brooks and McCurdy Patrick, “No Surrender. No Challenge. No Protest Paradigm: A Content Analysis of the Canadian News Media Coverage of the ‘Yellow Vests Movement’ and the ‘United We Roll Convoy’”, Canadian Review of Sociology, vol. 57, no. 4, 2020, p. 656-680.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1, p. 135. Given that these policies were first implemented by the US government, a removal of the Canadian restrictions would not have resolved the issue, the details of which Convoy leaders appeared to be unaware.
POEC, vol. 16, November 3, 2022, p. 165. A screenshot of Bauder’s Facebook post was presented to the commission and entered into the record.
OPC, What We Heard Part I, p. 23.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 94-97.
Mackenzie is the leader of an accelerationist militia group called Diagolon, which both the US and Canadian governments have identified as a far-right extremist group.
Gillies Jamie, Raynaud Vincent, and Misniewski Angela, “Canada is No Exception: The 2022 Freedom Convoy, Political Entanglement, and Identity-Driven Protest”, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 13, 2023, p. 2.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1, p. 96-103.
Thompson Michell, “‘We Are Fed Up’: Wealthy Business People Who Donated to the Far-Right Convoy Believe They are Oppressed”, PressProgress, February 11, 2022, https://pressprogress.ca/we-are-fed-up-wealthy-business-people-who-donated-to-far-right-convoy-believe-they-are-oppressed/, accessed September 2024.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 201.
King Adam D. K., “The Trucker Convoy is Not a Workers’ Revolt”.
Ibrahim Erika, “‘Freedom Convoy’ Organizers Discussed Playing ‘Race Card’ With Métis Heritage”, Ottawa Citizen, July 9, 2022, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/freedom-convoy-organizers-discussed-playing-race-card-with-metis-heritage, accessed December 2024.
Ibid.
POEC, vol. 16, November 3, 2022, p. 206.
Gilmore Rachel, “‘Fringe Minority’ in Truck Convoy with ‘Unacceptable Views’ Don’t Represent Canadians: Trudeau”, Global News, January 26, 2022, https://globalnews.ca/news/8539610/trucker-convoy-covid-vaccine-mandates-ottawa/, accessed September 2024.
Canadian Trucking Alliance, “Canadian Trucking Alliance Statement to Those Engaged in Road/Border Protests”, January 22, 2022, https://cantruck.ca/canadian-trucking-alliance-statement-to-those-engaged-in-road-border-protests/, accessed September 2024; Public Service Alliance of Canada, “PSAC Condemns Truck Convoy Protests – Calls for Urgent Action”, February 2, 2022, https://psacunion.ca/psac-condemns-truck-convoy-protests-calls-urgent, accessed September 2024; Teamsters Canada, “The Real Enemy for Truckers is Covid-19”, statement by François Laporte, President of Teamsters Canada, February 7, 2022, https://teamsters.ca/en/blog/2022/02/07/the-real-enemy-for-truckers-is-covid-19/, accessed September 2024.
Bulant Jeanne, “Sondage BFMTV : 73 % des français soutiennent la mobilisation des gilets jaunes”, November 14, 2018. https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/sondage-bfmtv-73-des-francais-soutiennent-la-mobilisation-des-gilets-jaunes_AN-201811140074.html, accessed September 2024.
Angus Reid Institute, “Blockade Backlash: Three-in-Four Canadians Tell Convoy Protesters, ‘Go Home Now’”, February 14, 2022, https://angusreid.org/trudeau-convoy-trucker-protest-vaccine-mandates-covid-19/, accessed September 2024.
Chief Public Health Officer of Canada. “Statement from the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada on January 7, 2022,” https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2022/01/statement-from-the-chief-public-health-officer-of-canada-on-january-7-2022.html, accessed September 2024.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 181-183.
Parliament of Canada, “General Rules for the Use of Parliament Hill”, May 3, 2023, p. 4.
Ottawalks, “RAW Footage: Freedom Convoy 2022 Day 19 – Emergency Act – Tuesday Feb 15”, YouTube video, 13:45, February 15, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_S6-d_oiHA&list=PLO3-QZL_fvZpvziAiSPQAoFx4dj16TOrd&index=48, accessed September 2024.
Peterson Tammy, “Fighting Back in Ottawa! [interview with Bethan Nodwell]”, The Tammy Peterson Podcast, YouTube, November 23, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FMMLs8YyDw, accessed May 2025.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 181-182.
Ibid., p. 188-189.
Shepherds of Good Hope, “Statement Regarding Protest in Ottawa”, X (formerly Twitter), January 30, 2022, 1:25 PM, https://x.com/sghottawa/status/1487854425368633344, accessed March 2025.
POEC, Public Hearings, vol. 17, November 4, 2022, p. 7.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 195.
POEC, Public Hearings, vol. 17, November 4, 2022, p. 7-8.
POEC, Public Hearings, vol. 15, November 3, 2022, p. 260.
Daggett Cara, “Petro-masculinity”, p. 34.
Maynard Robyn, Policing Black Lives: State Violence in Canada from Slavery to the Present, Toronto, Fernwood Publishing, 2017.
POEC, Interim Police Chief Steve Bell examined by Frank Au, vol. 8, October 24, 2022, p. 31-64.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 184-185.
Fraser David, “Police Grappling with Members Who Allegedly Donated to ‘Freedom Convoy’”, CBC News, March 2, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/police-donations-convoy-givesendgo-1.6365184, accessed May 2025.
Molina Kimberley, “OPP Officer Lets Protesters Take Photos in Back of Police Cruiser”, CBC News, February 11, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/opp-cruiser-used-as-photo-booth-protesters-1.6348592, accessed May 2025.
Davidson Sean, “Video Posted Online by Ontario Police Officer Supporting ‘Freedom Rally’ Being Looked Into”, CTV News, January 24, 2022, https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/video-posted-online-by-ontario-police-officer-supporting-freedom-rally-being-looked-into/, accessed May 2025; Lapierre Matthew, “Interim Ottawa Police Chief Considering Action Against Officers Who Allegedly Supported ‘Freedom Convoy’”, Ottawa Citizen, March 7, 2022, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/interim-ottawa-police-chief-considering-action-against-officers-who-supported-freedom-convoy, accessed May 2025.
Suke Trista, “Hallelujah – Live at Trucker Convoy”, YouTube, February 20, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR0sAMFdXAM, accessed February 2025.
Nolan Emma, “‘Hallelujah’ Meaning: Leonard Cohen’s Bitter Break-Up Song Played Twice at RNC”, Newsweek, August 28, 2020, https://www.newsweek.com/leonard-cohen-donald-trump-hallelujah-rnc-1528260, accessed February 2025.
Alleyne Mike, “Marketing Marley: Commercial and Cultural Consequences”, Anales del Caribe, 2017, p. 196.
Ottawalks, “RAW Footage: Freedom Convoy 2022 Day 8 – Parliament Hill – Friday February 4”, YouTube, 1:17:30, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMoF8txgDp0&list=PLO3-QZL_fvZpvziAiSPQAoFx4dj16TOrd&index=21, accessed May 2025.
MykeNukem, “Freedom Convoy 2022 – Feb 8th – Hailey Lewis Sings – Let me Tell You About My Jesus”, YouTube, February 9, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=loPmjZK9gGg, accessed September 2024.
Dixon Chris and Shotwell Alexis, “Ottawa, The Far-Right, and the State: Inside the Convoy Protests and the Unfolding Three-Way Fight”, It’s Going Down podcast, February 11, 2022.
For more on white evangelicalism and the far-right in North America, see Du Mez Kristin Kobes, Jesus and John Wayne: How White Evangelicals Corrupted a Faith and Fractured a Nation, New York, Liveright Publishing, 2020.
Canada Walks, “Freedom Convoy Canada Ottawa – Truckers on Stage Rap Music Protest 2022”, YouTube, February 12, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNXM161hPzE, accessed September 2024.
This historical American flag has been adopted by right-wing libertarians to signify individual rights and limited government.
This popular trope references the science fiction film The Matrix (1999), in which the main character is offered the choice of two pills: a red one that will reveal uncomfortable truths about the world, and a blue one that will leave him blissfully ignorant. In various alt-right, men’s rights, white supremacist, and conspiracist groups online, taking the “red pill” has been equated with an alleged realization that white nationalists – and white men in particular – are being oppressed by liberal and socially progressive movements.
Murphy Mitch, “Converting to Orthodox Christianity”, YouTube, February 15, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLyu7Mn_ReU, accessed September 2024.
Riccardi-Swartz Sarah, Between Heaven and Russia: Religious Conversion and Political Apostasy in Appalachia, New York, Fordham University Press, 2022.
Provine Doris Marie, “Race and Inequality in the War on Drugs,” Annual Review of Law and Social Science, vol. 7, 2011, p. 41-60; Cooper Hannah L. F., “War on Drugs Policing and Police Brutality,” Substance Use & Misuse, vol. 50, no. 8-9, 2015, p. 1188-1194.
Hawdon James E., “The Role of Presidential Rhetoric in the Creation of a Moral Panic: Reagan, Bush, and the War on Drugs,” Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 22, 2001, p. 419-445.
Kajikawa Loren, Sounding Race in Rap Songs, Oakland, University of California Press, 2015, p. 120; Hess Mickey, “Hip-Hop Realness and the White Performer,” Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 22, no. 5, 2005, p. 372-389.
Kajikawa Loren, Sounding Race in Rap Songs, p. 124.
Ibid., p. 120; Kitwana Bakari, Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America, New York, Basic Civitas Books, 2005, p. 15.
Green Kevin P., “Where the Rhymes at?”: How Contemporary Artists are Transforming Notions of Liveness in Hip Hop,” in Barber James, Büschges Christian, Mausfeld Dianne Violeta and Sweers Britta (eds), Remixing the Hip-Hop Narrative: Between Local Expressions and Global Connections, Bielefeld, Verlag, 2024, p. 133-158.
Gates Henry Louis, Jr., The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism, New York, Oxford University Press, 1988; Floyd Samuel A., The Power of Black Music: Interpreting Its History from Africa to the United States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.
Putnam Michael and Littlejohn John T., “National Socialism with Fler? German Hip Hop from the Right,” Popular Music and Society, vol. 30, no. 4, 2007, p. 454.
Olanlesi-Aliu Adedoyin, Kemei Janet, Alaazi Dominic, Tunde-Byass Modupe, Renzaho Andre, Sekyi-Out Ato, Mullings Delores V., Osei-Tutu Kannin and Salami Bukola, “Evidence Synthesis – COVID-19 Among Black People in Canada: A Scoping Review,” Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, vol. 44, no. 3, 2024, p. 112-125.
Rose Tricia, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop and Why It Matters, New York, Basic Books, 2008, p. 1-6.
Kajikawa Loren, Sounding Race in Rap Songs, p. 126.
Berger Miriam and Coletta Amanda, “Children With Protesting Parents Complicate Police Response to ‘Freedom Convoy,’” Washington Post, February 17, 2022.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1, p. 200; p. 232-233.
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 2, p. 237-242.
Dunkel Mario and Schiller Melanie, “An Introduction,” in Dunkel Mario and Schiller Melanie (eds), Popular Music and the Rise of Populism in Europe, London, Routledge, 2024, p. 1-27.
De Boise Samuel, “Musical Metapolitics and the Alt-Right,” European Journal of Cultural Studies, October 13, 2024.
Deaville James, “Rocking the Delegate Rolls at the National Party Conventions in 2016,” Journal of Popular Music Studies, no. 29, 2017.
Ibid., np.
Robinson Dylan, Hungry Listening: Resonant Theory for Indigenous Sound Studies, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 2020.
Ibid., p. 122.
Ibid.
Moreton-Robinson Aileen, The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty, Minnesota, MI, University of Minnesota Press, 2015; Smith Sarah E.K. and Taunton Carla, “Unsettling Canadian Heritage: Decolonial Aesthetics in Canadian Video and Performance Art,” Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 52, no. 1, 2018, p. 316.
Carter-Vosen Elyse, “Singing and Dancing Idle No More: Round Dances as Indigenous Activism,” in Lindsay Victoria Levine and Robinson Dylan (eds), Music and Modernity among First Peoples of North America, Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 2018, p. 92; McMahon Ryan, “The Round Dance Revolution: Idle No More,” In Kino-nda-niimi Collective (ed.), The Winter We Danced: Voices from the Past, the Future, and the Idle No More Movement, Winnipeg, MB, ARP Books, 2014, p. 100.
Friedel Tracy L, “Understanding the Nature of Indigenous Youth Activism in Canada: Idle No More as a Resumptive Pedagogy,” The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 114, no. 4, 2015, p. 888.
Hoefnagels Anna, “(Re)Presenting Indigenous Activism in the Nation’s Capital: Signifying Resistance Across Time and Place through Music in Alanis Obomsawin’s Trick or Treaty? (2014),” in Johnson Sherry, Klassen Judith and Hoefnagels Anna (eds), Contemporary Musical Expressions in Canada, Montreal, QC, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014, p. 476-501.
McMahon, “The Round Dance Revolution,” p. 98.
André Bear, “#FreedomConvoy2022 Desecrating Our Drums and Songs Yelling ‘Yabba Dabba Doo’ to Pretend Like They Have Support from Indigenous Nations @AFN_Updates @ITK_CanadaInuit @MNC_tweets Condemn This Now,” X (formerly Twitter), January 30, 2022, 1:55 PM, https://x.com/abearlaw/status/1487862160751538176?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.notion.so%2FTimeline-213af9aa5b3e4415bb59cabf8092e0e4, accessed November 2024.
Kryptospotted, “Pat King – Day Peace Pipe Ceremony,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WAvNUqToYM&t=45s, accessed May 2025.
Sinclair Niigaan, “Unacceptable Use of Indigenous Ceremonies: Even While Being Told to Stop, They are Not,” Winnipeg Free Press, February 7, 2022, https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2022/02/07/unacceptable-use-of-indigenous-ceremonies, accessed May 2025.
The Algonquins of Pikawakanagan, The Algonquins Anishinabeg Nation Tribal Council, and Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, “Press Release,” February 2, 2022.
Forrester Brett, “Algonquin Elder Says’ Interlopers Need To Go’ as Ottawa Braces for Convoy Protest Surge,” APTN News, February 4, 2022, https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/algonquin-elder-says-interlopers-need-to-go-as-ottawa-braces-for-convoy-protest-surge/, accessed May 2025.
Powless Ben, “Indigenous Leaders Say Convoy is ‘Mocking’ Indigenous Culture,” Nation News, February 28, 2022, http://nationnews.ca/news/indigenous-leaders-say-convoy-is-mocking-indigenous-culture/, accessed October 2024.
Sinclair Niigaan, “Unacceptable Use of Indigenous Ceremonies.”
Klein Naomi, “Dancing the World into Being: A Conversation with Idle No More’s Leanne Simpson,” Yes! March 6, 2013, https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2013/03/06/dancing-the-world-into-being-a-conversation-with-idle-no-more-leanne-simpson, accessed March 2025.
Revised Statutes of Canada, 1988, c. 29 (passed into law on 21 July, 1988).
POEC, Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency, vol. 1, p. 28.
Seymour Richard, Disaster Nationalism: The Downfall of Liberal Civilization, London, Verso, 2024.
Ibid., p. 2.
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