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Anonymous, “Batman (Biff! Pow! Zap!) Image Hurt Adam West”, Lincoln Journal Star, 6th August, 1972,p. 7H, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/313495554/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Anonymous, “TV ‘Batman’ Adam West Left Waiting in the Wings”, The Atlanta Constitution, 20th June, 1989, p. D3, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/400391169/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Barnes, Mike, “Adam West, Straight-Faced Star of TV’s ‘Batman,’ Dies at 88’, The Hollywood Reporter [online], 2017, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/adam-west-dead-batman-star-832264, accessed February 26th, 2021.
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Bernhardt, Jack, “Adam West’s Campy Batman Was a Joy. Modern Superheroes - Why So Serious?”, The Guardian [online], 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/19/adam-west-batman-superheroes-serious, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Boichel, Bill, “Batman: Commodity as Myth”, in The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and his Media, ed. Roberta E. Pearson and William Uricchio, New York, Routledge, p. 4-17.
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Brown, Craig, “Dynamic Duos”, The Times, August 22nd, 1993, n.p., available at www.proquest.com/newspapers/dynamic-duos-television/docview/318009845/se-2?accountid=14685, accessed February 25th, 2021.
Burke, Liam, “The Pop Culture Petri Dish of Comic-Con”, Irish Times, July 26th, 2011, p. 12, available at www.proquest.com, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Coffey, Gerry, “Batman Cuts A Mean Rug, But Robin Was Too Young”, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 13th January, 1966, p. 7, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/641513096/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
David, Javier E., “Adam West, iconic ‘Batman’ of the 1960s, dies at 88”, CNBC [online], 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/10/adam-west-iconic-batman-of-the-1960s-dies-at-88.html, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Deggans, Eric, “Holy Reruns, Batman!”, Tampa Bay Times, April 26th, 2002, p. 1D, 4D, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/327126214/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
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Dyer, Richard, Stars, London, British Film Institute, [1979] 1998.
Dyer, Richard, Heavenly Bodies, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1986.
Ellis, John, Visible Fictions, London, Boston, Melbourne, Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, [1982] 1992.
Ellis, John, Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty, London, New York, I.B. Tauris, 2002.
Fielding, Eric, “Horror Films Prove Horrible”, The Daily Herald, 16th February, 1983, p. 23, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/469448399/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Garcia, Bob and Desris, Joe, Batman: A Celebration of the Classic TV Series, London, Titan Books, 2016.
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Heisner, John, “Batman: Too Far Out?”, Democrat and Chronicle, 12th January, 1966, p. 5D, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/137987390/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Hills, Matt and Williams, Rebecca, “‘It’s All My Interpretation’: Reading Spike Through the Subcultural Celebrity of James Marsters’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2005, p.345-365.
Hoerburger, Rob, “Adam West: A Superhero for his Life and Times”, The New York Times Magazine [online], 2017, available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/28/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-adam-west.html, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Holmes, Su, “‘Starring… Dyer?’: Re-visiting Star Studies and Contemporary Celebrity Culture”, Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005, p.6-21.
Jermyn, Deborah, “‘Bringing out the ★ in you’: SJP, Carrie Bradshaw and the Evolution of Television Stardom”, in Framing Celebrity: New Directions in Celebrity Culture, ed. Su Holmes and Sean Redmond, London, New York, Routledge, 2006, p. 67-86.
Jones, Paul, “New Batman Show Is So Bad, It’s Good”, The Atlanta Constitution, 12th January, 1966, p. 10, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/398263153/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
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Marlowe, Jon, “‘Gorp’ Turns Decadence Into Trash; ‘Happy Hooker’ Should’ve Stayed Home”, The Miami News, 2nd June, 1980, p. 6C, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/302478182/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Morin, Edgar, The Stars, Minneapolis and London, University of Minnesota Press, [1957] 2005.
Rixon, Paul, American Television on British Screens: A Story of Cultural Interaction, Basingstoke, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Seitz, Matt Zoller, “Holy Influential Actor, Batman: Adam West Continues to Shape Hollywood”, Vulture [online], 2017, https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/adam-west-batman-legacy.html, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Sheffield, Rob, “Why Adam West Was the One and Only Batman”, Rolling Stone [online], 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/why-adam-west-was-the-one-and-only-batman-111101/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Smith, Bob, “‘Batman’ Scores As Just Plain Fun”, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 13th January, 1966, p. 6, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/640448178/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Sontag, Susan, “Notes on Camp”, in Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader, ed. Fabio Cleto, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, [1964] 1999, p. 53-65.
Spigel, Lynn and Jenkins, Henry, “Same Bat Channel, Different Bat Times: Mass Culture and Popular Memory”, in Many More Lives of the Batman, ed. Roberta Pearson, William Uricchio and Will Brooker, London, Palgrave, 2015, p. 171-201.
Staiger, Janet, Interpreting Films, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992.
Thomas, Bob, “Man Riding A Tiger Is Adam West”, Orlando Evening Star, 10th February, 1966, p. 9C, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/290559331/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
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Thompson, Robert J., Television’s Second Golden Age, New York, Continuum, 1996.
Torres, Sasha, “The Caped Crusader of Camp: Pop, Camp, and the Batman Television Series”, in Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader, ed. Fabio Cleto, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, p. 330-343.
Turner, Graeme, Understanding Celebrity, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore: SAGE Publications, 2004.
Valentry, Duane, “‘Batman’ Is a Man of Action, Even Without That Cape and Mask”, The Courier-Journal, 7th May, 1967, p. 1G, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/109247949/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
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Weldon, Glen, “Adam West Saved Batman. And Me”, NPR.com [online], 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/06/11/532411148/adam-west-saved-batman-and-me?t=1606821141074, accessed February 26th, 2021.
West, Adam (with Rovin, Jeff), Back to the Batcave, London, Titan Books, 1994.
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Yockey, Matt, Batman, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 2014.
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Notes
Adam West with Jeff Rovin, Back to the Batcave, London, Titan Books, 1994, p. 1.
Javier E. David, “Adam West, iconic ‘Batman’ of the 1960s, dies at 88”, CNBC [online], 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/10/adam-west-iconic-batman-of-the-1960s-dies-at-88.html, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Will Dunham, “Adam West, TV’s campy Batman in 1960s series, dies at age 88”, Reuters [online], 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-adam-west/adam-west-tvs-campy-batman-in-1960s-series-dies-at-age-88-idUKKBN1910QX?edition-redirect=uk, accessed February 24th, 2021.
John Langer, “Television’s ‘Personality System’”, in The Media Studies Reader, ed. Tim O’Sullivan and Yvonne Jewkes, London, New York, Arnold, 1997, p. 164-171.
Langer, p. 167.
John Ellis, Visible Fictions, London/Boston/Melbourne/Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1992, p. 91.
Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. New York, Hill and Wang, 1981.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 105.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 106.
As an example, Graeme Turner describes Langer’s conception of the difference between film stars and television personalities as “a well caught distinction”. Graeme Turner, Understanding Celebrity, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore: SAGE Publications, 2004, p. 15.
Deborah Jermyn, “‘Bringing out the ★ in you’: SJP, Carrie Bradshaw and the Evolution of Television Stardom”, in Framing Celebrity: New Directions in Celebrity Culture, ed. Su Holmes and Sean Redmond, London/New York, Routledge, 2006, p. 67-86.
Jermyn, p. 73.
Jermyn, p. 78.
Jermyn, p. 83.
Robert J. Thompson, Television’s Second Golden Age, New York, Continuum, 1996, p. 36.
John Ellis, Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty, London, New York, I.B. Tauris, 2002.
Paul Rixon, American Television on British Screens: A Story of Cultural Interaction, Basingstoke, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Derek Kompare, Rerun Nation: How Repeats Invented American Television, London, New York, Routledge, 2005, p. 69.
Richard Dyer, Stars, London, British Film Institute, 1998.
Dyer, Stars, p. 60-63.
Dyer, Stars, p. 63.
Richard Dyer, Heavenly Bodies, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press, 1986, p. 5.
Jermyn, p. 82. Though Dyer does not consider television in any detail, he does state his belief that his methodology “is broadly applicable to […] other kinds of star”. Dyer, Stars, p. 3. Meanwhile, Su Holmes (2005) attests to Dyer’s continuing relevance, finding his work still pertinent despite the expansion of approaches to stardom and celebrity since his original intervention.
This category replaces Dyer’s category of ‘films’, to reflect the fact that West’s image is not predominantly associated with cinematic narratives.
The serials are titled Batman (Lambert Hillyer, 1943) and Batman and Robin (Spencer Gordon Bennet, 1949). While they are not generally held in high esteem, they are notable because they employed tropes, such as voiceover narration and cliffhanger endings, that the ABC television series subsequently applied.
West appears in his Batman costume on the front of the issue of Life released on March 11, 1966. Meanwhile, he was invited to meet Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in May 1967 as part of World Communications Day, an event which had been established by the pontiff.
Matt Yockey, Batman, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 2014, p. 2.
Dyer, Stars, p. 34.
On the importance of the ordinary/extraordinary binary to stardom, a notable overlap exists between Ellis’s theory and Dyer’s. For instance, the latter refers to the significance in publicity materials of the dialectic of “the stars-as-ordinary and the stars-as-special”. Dyer, Stars, p. 43.
Quoted in Lynn Spigel and Henry Jenkins, “Same Bat Channel, Different Bat Times: Mass Culture and Popular Memory”, in Many More Lives of the Batman, ed. Roberta Pearson, William Uricchio and Will Brooker, London, Palgrave, 2015, p. 178 [p. 171-201].
Susan Sontag, “Notes on Camp”, in Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader, ed. Fabio Cleto, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 57, p. 53-65.
Spigel and Jenkins, p. 175.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 101.
Edgar Morin, The Stars, Minneapolis and London, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p. 28.
Yockey, p. 70.
In the case of Ward, meanwhile, his role as Robin represented his first acting job.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 93.
Quoted in Bob Garcia and Joe Desris, Batman: A Celebration of the Classic TV Series, London, Titan Books, 2016, p. 24.
West with Rovin, p. 60.
Ibid.
Ibid.
For example, in ‘True or False Face’ (Season 1 episode 17), Batman states that only a devious criminal would ‘callously park in front of a fire hydrant’.
Sasha Torres, “The Caped Crusader of Camp: Pop, Camp, and the Batman Television Series”, in Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader, ed. Fabio Cleto, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, p. 331 [p. 330-343].
Will Brooker, Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon, New York and London, Continuum, 2000, p. 227.
Torres, p. 331.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 91.
Dyer, Heavenly Bodies, p. 16.
West with Rovin, p. 80.
Dyer, Stars, p. 53.
Dyer, Stars, p. 44.
West with Rovin, p. 194.
West with Rovin, p. 195.
West appears in Season 1 episode 18, ‘Beware the Gray Ghost’.
West appears in Season 9 episode 17, ‘The Celebration Experimentation’.
Alissa Wilkinson, “7 times Adam West played ‘Adam West,’ and it was great”, Vox [online], 2017, https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/10/15776584/adam-west-cameo-30-rock-spongebob-simpsons, accessed February 26th, 2021.
West with Rovin, Back to the Batcave, p.197.
Jermyn, p. 83.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 106.
Dyer, Stars, p. 61.
Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 107.
Bob Thomas, “Man Riding A Tiger Is Adam West”, Orlando Evening Star, 10th February, 1966, p. 9C, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/290559331/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Duane Valentry, “‘Batman’ Is a Man of Action, Even Without That Cape and Mask”, The Courier-Journal, 7th May, 1967, p. 1G, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/109247949/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Ibid.
Dyer, Stars, p.20.
Dyer, Stars, p. 61.
Anonymous, “Batman (Biff! Pow! Zap!) Image Hurt Adam West”, Lincoln Journal Star, 6th August, 1972, p. 7H, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/313495554/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Quoted in Anonymous, “TV ‘Batman’ Adam West Left Waiting in the Wings”, The Atlanta Constitution, 20th June, 1989, p. D3, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/400391169/, accessed October 27th, 2020. West’s analogy is a relatively topical one. In 1985, Coca-Cola introduced a new soft drink formula, but after an adverse reaction from the American public the original flavour was reintroduced several months later, now branded Coca-Cola Classic.
Quoted in Jim Abbott, “Television’s Batman Still Hanging Tough”, Daily News, 26th January, 1993, p. 67, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/470511627/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Quoted in John Beifuss, “Adam West is the Self-Proclaimed ‘Bright Knight’, El Paso Times, August 6th, 2008, p. 3, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/432397736/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Quoted in Barbara Vancheri, “Holy DVD, Batman!”, Pittsburgh Post Gazette Weekend Magazine, August 24th, 2001, p. 38, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/93300497/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Quoted in Eric Deggans, “Holy Reruns, Batman!”, Tampa Bay Times, April 26th, 2002, p. 1D, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/327126214/, accessed October 27th, 2020.
Matt Hills and Rebecca Williams, “‘It’s All My Interpretation’: Reading Spike Through the Subcultural Celebrity of James Marsters’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2005, p. 352 [p.345-365].
Liam Burke, “The Pop Culture Petri Dish of Comic-Con”, Irish Times, July 26th, 2011, p. 12, available at www.proquest.com, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Glen Weldon, The Caped Crusade: Batman and the Rise of Nerd Culture, New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2016, p. 8.
Janet Staiger, Interpreting Films, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992, p.14.
Dyer, Stars, p. 63.
Bill Boichel, “Batman: Commodity as Myth”, in The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and his Media, ed. Roberta E. Pearson and William Uricchio, New York, Routledge, p. 15 [p. 4-17].
Spigel and Jenkins, p. 174.
Rob Sheffield, “Why Adam West Was the One and Only Batman”, Rolling Stone [online], 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/why-adam-west-was-the-one-and-only-batman-111101/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Gerry Coffey, “Batman Cuts A Mean Rug, But Robin Was Too Young”, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 13th January, 1966, p. 7, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/641513096/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Bob Smith, “‘Batman’ Scores As Just Plain Fun”, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 13th January, 1966, p. 6, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/640448178/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
John Heisner, “Batman: Too Far Out?”, Democrat and Chronicle, 12th January, 1966, p. 5D, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/137987390/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Ibid.
Paul Jones, “New Batman Show Is So Bad, It’s Good”, The Atlanta Constitution, 12th January, 1966, p. 10, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/398263153/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Jon Marlowe, “‘Gorp’ Turns Decadence Into Trash; ‘Happy Hooker’ Should’ve Stayed Home”, The Miami News, 2nd June, 1980, p. 6C, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/302478182/, accessed February 24th, 2021. Silvers is best known for his role as Sergeant Bilko in The Phil Silvers Show (CBS, 1955-1959).
Eric Fielding, “Horror Films Prove Horrible”, The Daily Herald, 16th February, 1983, p. 23, available at www.newspapers.com/newspage/469448399/, accessed February 24th, 2021.
Spigel and Jenkins, p. 196.
Staiger, , p. 211.
Spigel and Jenkins, p. 193.
Ibid.
Craig Brown, “Dynamic Duos”, The Times, August 22nd, 1993, n.p., available at www.proquest.com/newspapers/dynamic-duos-television/docview/318009845/se-2?accountid=14685, accessed February 25th, 2021.
George Bass, “Your Next Box Set: Batman”, The Guardian, October 10th, 2014, p. 24, available at www.proquest.com, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Zaki Hasan, “Batman: The Complete TV Series: The Continuing Case for Camp”, Huffpost [online], 2014, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/batman-the-complete-tv-se_b_6140676, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Jack Bernhardt, “Adam West’s Campy Batman Was a Joy. Modern Superheroes - Why So Serious?”, The Guardian [online], 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/19/adam-west-batman-superheroes-serious, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Ibid.
Glen Weldon, “Adam West Saved Batman. And Me”, NPR.com [online], 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/06/11/532411148/adam-west-saved-batman-and-me?t=1606821141074, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Matt Zoller Seitz, “Holy Influential Actor, Batman: Adam West Continues to Shape Hollywood”, Vulture [online], 2017, https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/adam-west-batman-legacy.html, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Mike Barnes, “Adam West, Straight-Faced Star of TV’s ‘Batman,’ Dies at 88’, The Hollywood Reporter [online], 2017, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/adam-west-dead-batman-star-832264, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Rob Hoerburger, “Adam West: A Superhero for his Life and Times”, The New York Times Magazine [online], 2017, available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/28/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-adam-west.html, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Luke Y. Thompson, “The World Has Lost The Iconic Adam West”, Nerdist [online], 2017, https://archive.nerdist.com/the-world-has-lost-the-iconic-adam-west/, accessed February 26th, 2021.
Jermyn, p. 83.
Dyer, Stars, p. 63.
Dyer, Heavenly Bodies, p. 2.
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